Asking perplexity.ai to perform a preliminary simple literature review on a research task: for MBA students
My question: "I am a part-time MBA student, currently learning the subject of Research Project. With regard to my research task of "to examine how the leadership style of the middle managers of the Hong Kong 5-star hotels influence employees' organizational commitment and the organizational performance in 2025", please recommend 4 academic theories that are useful to study this task, offer a few justifications why they are useful. In addition, please provide 2 references for each of the 4 academic theories mentioned in Harvard reference format."
The reply: "Here are four academic theories that are highly relevant for studying how the leadership style of middle managers in Hong Kong 5-star hotels influences employees' organizational commitment and organizational performance in 2025. Each theory is accompanied by justifications and two Harvard-style references.
1. Transformational Leadership Theory
This theory explains how leaders inspire and motivate employees by transforming their values, beliefs, and attitudes, leading to higher organizational commitment and improved performance.
Justification: Transformational leaders foster a sense of purpose, encourage innovation, and build strong relationships, which are critical for employee engagement and organizational success in the hospitality sector.
Bass, B.M. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York: Free Press.
Burns, J.M. (1978) Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
2. Path-Goal Theory
This theory posits that leaders can enhance employee motivation and performance by clarifying the path to goals and providing support, guidance, and resources.
Justification: In the context of hotels, middle managers can use this theory to adapt their leadership style to the needs of employees, thereby increasing commitment and performance.
House, R.J. (1971) ‘A Path-Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(3), pp. 321–339.
Vroom, V.H. (1964) Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley.
3. Social Exchange Theory
This theory suggests that organizational commitment is influenced by the reciprocal relationship between employees and their leaders, where trust and mutual support are key.
Justification: Middle managers who foster positive social exchanges can enhance employee loyalty and commitment, which in turn boosts organizational performance.
Blau, P.M. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
Cropanzano, R. and Mitchell, M.S. (2005) ‘Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review’, Journal of Management, 31(6), pp. 874–900.
4. Full Range Leadership Model (Transformational and Transactional Leadership)
This model integrates transformational and transactional leadership styles, emphasizing the importance of both inspirational and contingent reward-based approaches.
Justification: The combination of these styles can maximize organizational commitment and performance, especially in dynamic environments like hospitality.
Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1994) Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Judge, T.A. and Piccolo, R.F. (2004) ‘Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), pp. 755–768.
These theories provide a robust foundation for analyzing the impact of middle managers' leadership styles on organizational commitment and performance in Hong Kong's 5-star hotels. Each theory offers unique insights and practical applications for your research project."
A collection of blog notes on using chatgpt for research purpose.
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