On the generic pattern of knowledge structure revealed from the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach

On the generic pattern of knowledge structure revealed from the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach

Joseph Kim-keung Ho

Independent Trainer

Hong Kong, China

Abstract: Though a recently launched intellectual venture, the mind mapping-based literature (MMBLR) approach has produced quite a number of articles with outputs that capture knowledge structures on a set of academic topics. This article reviews fourteen such articles and attempts to uncover the generic pattern of the knowledge structures as reported in the fourteen articles.  Consequently, a table and a companion mind map are constructed to make explicit such generic pattern of knowledge structure.  The article has academic value as it introduces a new conceptual tool, i.e., generic pattern of knowledge structure, for the thematic analysis in the MMBLR approach. Finally, the article also reminds readers of the importance of effective intellectual learning in literature review.

Key words: generic pattern of knowledge structure, mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach, knowledge structure, literature review

Please cite the article as Ho, J.K.K. 2016. “On the generic pattern of knowledge structure revealed from the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog December 5 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/12/on-generic-pattern-of-knowledge.html).

1.     Introduction

The mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach has recently developed by the writer primarily for preliminary literature review on chose academic topics so as to review their knowledge structures. The form of these structures is a mind map (Ho, 2016a).  Up to now, the majority of academic topics examined with the MMBLR approach by the writer are business management-related ones such as corporate turnaround, customer relationship management, strategic management accounting, e-procurement and e-supply chain management. A few of them are non-business management-related, such as social exclusion and housing market and, finally, one is associated with research methods-related, i.e., ethnographic research. This article reviews the knowledge structures of these research topics and attempts to uncover the generic patterns underlying the knowledge structures so far revealed by the writer with the MMBLR approach. The next section gives a brief account of the MMBLR approach; this is followed by a review of the knowledge structures of fourteen research topics produced with the MMBLR approach.

2.     The steps involved in the MMBLR approach

Some preparatory work, primarily some literature search endeavor, is necessary for the MMBLR approach to be employed.  That implies that the reviewer needs to have access to Google Scholar and university e-libraries. This is because academic journal articles are the main references for the MMBBLR, granted that some textbooks could also be included in the review exercise. Preferably, the academic references that cover the academic topic under review should represent works based on diverse perspectives. Some usage of references from professional journals is also useful as these references could offer ideas that are different from that of academic journal articles. Once the reviewer feels that a sufficient number of references have been gathered for the MMBLR approach to be employed, the MMBLR approach can be initiated. The approach comprises two steps:

Step 1: thematic analysis: This step involves gathering points (e.g., viewpoints, ideas, concepts, concerns and findings, etc.) that the reviewers conceive to be useful to comprehend the intellectual landscape of the academic topic under review. In particular, the reviewer is recommended to collect points that are perceived to exhibit academic interest, academic value, practical interest and practical value (Ho, 2016b). The points collected are brief quotations from the academic references with explicit referencing on them. It is also useful to bold the key words mentioned in the quotations (chosen as points) to underline their importance. By reviewing the points collected, the reviewer is required to come up with a set of themes to group these points. The themes essentially emerge as an interpretive process by reviewing the points collected. The following extract, extract 1, from Ho (2016c) on internationalization is illustrative:

Extract 1: Themes, points and bolded key words from a thematic analysis on internationalization (Ho, 2016c)

Theme 1: definitions and ingredient ideas

Point 1.1.              “There are many definitions of internationalisation and more recent ones … describe internationalisation as a process by which firms increase their involvement in international business activities” (Fletcher, 2001);

Point 1.2.              “Internationalisation should be viewed as a global activity rather than as an activity with respect to a firm’s involvement in a specific overseas country. This means that internationalisation should not only focus on expansion of international involvement in a particular country but also on contraction” (Fletcher, 2001);

The thematic analysis is likely to come up with 4 to 7 themes to group the main points collected. It is possible that a theme can be subdivided into sub-themes. The task of thematic analysis inevitability involves (i) some trial and error and (ii) heeding the personal voice of the reviewer. At some point, the thematic scheme and the grouping of points are finalized. When this step of thematic analysis is done, the reviewer proceeds to step 2 of the MMBLR approach, namely, mind mapping.

Step 2: mind mapping: The mind mapping exercise makes use of the findings from step 1 (thematic analysis) to render an image of the knowledge structure of the academic topic under review in the form of a companion mind map. In this respect, the academic topic is placed at the centre of the mind map as a blob. The branches attached to the blob correspond to the themes of the academic topic identified in the MMBLR approach step 1. In the same vein, sub-branches represent the sub-themes from the thematic analysis. The branches end with key words which are, again, taken from the thematic analysis (step 1). Figure 1 is a mind map on Big Data (Ho, 2016d) for illustration.

Drawing the mind map is itself an engaging and entertaining intellectual learning experience. As to the companion mind map so produced, it is useful for reinforcing intellectual learning and for conveying the image of the knowledge structure of the academic topic under review to other people.

On the whole, the MMBLR approach is an exploratory intellectual learning and literature review process. It involves only a few relatively routine and simple steps, thus not cumbersome to perform. Recorded as an article, the findings from the MMBLR approach on an academic topic serve as a condensed revision note on the topic. It addresses many students’ common problem of directly dealing with a large number of academic articles when writing up a chapter on literature review for their dissertation reports.

Having introduced the MMBLR approach, the writer is going to examine the thematic structures of a number of works of the MMBLR approach on a set of academic topics so as to uncover the generic patterns underlying the knowledge structures of these academic topics.

3.     Uncovering the generic pattern of knowledge structures revealed via the MMBLR approach

In order to examine the knowledge structures so far produced on various academic topics, the writer compiles Table 1 that summarizes the main themes and sub-themes, if any, on fourteen academic topics. Table 1 is shown as follows:

Table 1: themes and sub-themes identified from the mind-mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach

Topics of investigation	Themes and sub-themes identified from the mind-mapping based literature review (MMBLR) approach
Topic 1: Big data (Ho, 2016d)	·      Theme 1: Definitions and characteristics of Big Data ·      Theme 2: Business and technological trends related to Big Data o   Theme 2.1: Business-related o   Theme 2.2: Technology-related ·      Theme 3: Management practices and challenges related to Big Data o   Theme 3.1: Associated technology-related o   Theme 3.2: The data management-related o   Theme 3.3: The data analysis-related o   Theme 3.4: General management-related ·      Theme 4: Policy considerations on Big Data
Topic 2: Business intelligence and business intelligence system (Ho, 2016e)	·      Theme 1: Basic nature of BI and BIS ·      Theme 2: Basic BI tools ·      Theme 3: BIS adoptions o   Theme 3.1: External BIS adoption drivers o   Theme 3.2: BIS impacts and evaluations ·      Theme 4: BIS implementation practices and concerns ·      Theme 5: BI and related management disciplines o   Theme 5.1: Related to knowledge management o   Theme 5.2: Related to other management disciplines ·      Theme 6: Recent BI/BIS trends o   Theme 6.1: Real-time BI/BIS o   Theme 6.2: Cloud-based BIS o   Theme 6.3: Other BI/BIS trends
Topic 3: Corporate turnaround (Ho, 2016f)	·      Theme 1: Definitions of key concepts and their underlying mechanisms at work o   Theme 1.1: On turnaround o   Theme 1.2: On business failure o   Theme 1.3: On organizational downturn and decline o   Theme 1.4: On retrenchment o   Theme 1.5: On recovery and restructuring ·      Theme 2: The corporate turnaround process and sub-processes involved ·      Theme 3: Specific and situational considerations involved in corporate turnaround o   Theme 3.1: Situational considerations o   Theme 3.2: Other specific considerations ·      Theme 4: Main actors and their relevance to corporate turnaround ·      Theme 5: Research issues and topics in corporate turnaround
Topic 4: Customer relationship management (Ho, 2016g)	·      Theme 1: Definitions of CRM ·      Theme 2: Management thinking underlying CRM o   Theme 2.1: Relationship marketing-specific o   Theme 2.2: Non-relationship marketing-specific ·      Theme 3: Association with other management disciplines o   Theme 3.1: Knowledge management-specific o   Theme 3.2: Non-knowledge management-specific ·      Theme 4: CRM products and technologies ·      Theme 5: Environmental drivers of CRM ·      Theme 6: Project justifications and impacts of CRM o   Theme 6.1: Project justifications-specific o   Theme 6.2: CRM impacts-specific ·      Theme 7: CRM implementation issues o   Theme 7.1: CRM implementation approaches-related o   Theme 7.2: Other CRM implementation issues
Topic 5: Employer branding (Ho,  2016h)	·      Theme 1: on ingredient notions of employer branding ·      Theme 2: on basic scope of employer branding ·      Theme 3: on employer branding method and strategy ·      Theme 4: on employer branding participants ·      Theme 5: on employer branding impacts
Topic 6: Ethnographic research (Ho, 2016i)	·      Theme 1: Definitions and basic features ·      Theme 2: Underlying theoretical thinking and theories ·      Theme 3: Research practices and techniques o   Theme 3.1: Conventional ones o   Theme 3.2: Recently developed ones ·      Theme 4: Application challenges and issues o   Theme 4.1: Conventional ones o   Theme 4.2: Recently developed ones
Topic 7: E-procurement (Ho, 2016j)	·      Theme 1: Definitions of e-procurement ·      Theme 2: Before-internet procurement technologies ·      Theme 3: E-procurement tools ·      Theme 4: Underlying business trends and management thinking on procurement ·      Theme 5: E-procurement project justifications and impacts o   Theme 5.1: Project justifications o   Theme 5.2: Impacts ·      Theme 6: E-procurement implementation considerations and process o   Theme 6.1: Implementation considerations o   Theme 6.2: Process of implementation ·      Theme 7: E-procurement practices and models
Topic 8: E-supply chain management (Ho,  2016k)	·      Theme 1: Definitions of e-SCM ·      Theme 2: Underlying Supply Chain Management thinking and business trends o   Theme 2.1: Supply Chain Management specific o   Theme 2.2:  E-Supply Chain Management specific ·      Theme 3: Main e-SCM applications and related impacts o   Theme 3.1: e-SCM application specific o   Theme 3.2: Overall Impacts focused ·      Theme 4: e-SCM implementation issues o   Theme 4.1: Technical issues o   Theme 4.2: Non-technical issues
Topic 9: Globalization (Ho, 2016l)	·      Theme 1: Definitions and underlying perspectives of globalizations o   Theme 1.1 – related to definitions o   Theme 1.2 – related to underlying perspectives ·      Theme 2: External contexts and impacts of globalizations o   Theme 2.1: related to external contexts o   Theme 2.2: related to impacts ·      Theme 3: Specialized topics in globalization ·      Theme 4: Business management considerations
Topic 10: Housing market (Ho, 2016m)	·      Theme 1: housing demand ·      Theme 2: housing supply ·      Theme 3: housing prices and returns on investment ·      Theme 4: housing market size and dynamics ·      Theme 5: major stakeholders and their activities ·      Theme 6: market segmentation ·      Theme 7: impacts and contributions to the society
Topic 11: Internationalization (Ho, 2016c)	·      Theme 1: definitions and ingredient ideas ·      Theme 2: major approaches and theories ·      Theme 3: major research debates and gaps ·      Theme 4: specific research topics and research trends
Topic 12: Relevance debate of Management Accounting (Ho, 2016n)	·      Theme 1: Traditional management accounting thinking ·      Theme 2: Traditional management accounting practices and their criticisms ·      Theme 3: Business trends that further aggravate relevance loss of traditional MA theories and practices ·      Theme 4: MA relevance debate and responses o   Theme 4.1: Related to general theories and viewpoints o   Theme 4.2: Related to responses associated with specific MA practices
Topic 13: Social exclusion (Ho, 2016o)	·      Theme 1: Basic views of the social exclusion notion o   Theme 1.1: On idea richness and scope breadth o   Theme 1.2: On process orientation o   Theme 1.3: On status orientation ·      Theme 2: Associated theories and concepts [in bold] ·      Theme 3: Employment of the notion for analysis and evaluation o   Theme 3.1: On specific groups of people o   Theme 3.2: On broad topics o   Theme 3.3: On focused issues
Topic 14: Strategic management accounting (Ho, 2016p)	·      Theme 1: Definitions and characteristics of SMA ·      Theme 2: Underlying management thinking of SMA and theoretical SMA issues ·      Theme 3: SMA techniques and approaches ·      Theme 4: Research methods and themes of SMA ·      Theme 5: Criticisms on traditional MA [management accounting] and SMA o   Theme 5.1: Related to traditional MA o   Theme 5.2: Related to SMA ·      Theme 6: SMA diffusion and adoption issues ·      Theme 7: Impacts on management accountants’ roles and the accounting function

By studying the themes and sub-themes of the fourteen academic topics, the writer comes up with the following set of key phrases as a coding scheme to organize the themes and sub-themes in Table 2.

Table 2: Coding scheme to organize themes and sub-themes of knowledge structure

Categories of key phrases	Key phrases
Category 1: Conceptual ideas	1.1.            Definitions of the academic topic 1.2.            Characteristics of the academic topic 1.3.            Ingredient concepts of the academic topic 1.4.            Underlying theories, theoretical viewpoints and research methods used 1.5.            Related concepts and theories 1.6.            Key research debates, concerns and research directions
Category 2: Application and implementation ideas	2.1.            Methodologies and practice guidelines 2.2.            Adoption rate and status 2.3.            Trends and drivers of applications and practices 2.4.            Implementation justifications 2.5.            Implementation issues 2.6.            Relevant tools used 2.7.            Impacts assessment

Based the coding scheme of Table 2, a mind map is constructed to visually depict the generic pattern of knowledge structure. This is shown in Figure 2.

By means of the theme coding scheme (re: Table 2), the writer now codes the themes and sub-themes of Table 1 and produces Table 3.

Table 3: themes and sub-themes identified from the MMBLR approach coded

Topics of investigation	Themes and sub-themes identified from the mind-mapping based literature review (MMBLR) approach
Topic 1: Big data	·      Theme 1: Definitions and characteristics of Big Data (1.1) ·      Theme 2: Business and technological trends related to Big Data (2.3) o   Theme 2.1: Business-related o   Theme 2.2: Technology-related ·      Theme 3: Management practices and challenges related to Big Data (2,1; 2.2; 2.5) o   Theme 3.1: Associated technology-related o   Theme 3.2: The data management-related o   Theme 3.3: The data analysis-related o   Theme 3.4: General management-related ·      Theme 4: Policy considerations on Big Data (2.1)
Topic 2: Business intelligence and business intelligence system	·      Theme 1: Basic nature of BI and BIS (1.1; 1.2) ·      Theme 2: Basic BI tools (2.6) ·      Theme 3: BIS adoptions (2.2) o   Theme 3.1: External BIS adoption drivers o   Theme 3.2: BIS impacts and evaluations ·      Theme 4: BIS implementation practices and concerns (2.5) ·      Theme 5: BI and related management disciplines (2.1) o   Theme 5.1: Related to knowledge management o   Theme 5.2: Related to other management disciplines ·      Theme 6: Recent BI/BIS trends (2.3) o   Theme 6.1: Real-time BI/BIS o   Theme 6.2: Cloud-based BIS o   Theme 6.3: Other BI/BIS trends
Topic 3: Corporate turnaround	·      Theme 1: Definitions of key concepts and their underlying mechanisms at work (1.1; 1.2; 1.3) o   Theme 1.1: On turnaround o   Theme 1.2: On business failure o   Theme 1.3: On organizational downturn and decline o   Theme 1.4: On retrenchment o   Theme 1.5: On recovery and restructuring ·      Theme 2: The corporate turnaround process and sub-processes involved (1.4) ·      Theme 3: Specific and situational considerations involved in corporate turnaround (1.4) o   Theme 3.1: Situational considerations o   Theme 3.2: Other specific considerations ·      Theme 4: Main actors and their relevance to corporate turnaround (1.4) ·      Theme 5: Research issues and topics in corporate turnaround (1.6)
Topic 4: Customer relationship management	·      Theme 1: Definitions of CRM (1.1) ·      Theme 2: Management thinking underlying CRM (1.3; 1.4) o   Theme 2.1: Relationship marketing-specific o   Theme 2.2: Non-relationship marketing-specific ·      Theme 3: Association with other management disciplines (1.5) o   Theme 3.1: Knowledge management-specific o   Theme 3.2: Non-knowledge management-specific ·      Theme 4: CRM products and technologies (2.1; 2.6) ·      Theme 5: Environmental drivers of CRM (2.3) ·      Theme 6: Project justifications and impacts of CRM (2.4; 2.7) o   Theme 6.1: Project justifications-specific o   Theme 6.2: CRM impacts-specific ·      Theme 7: CRM implementation issues (2.5) o   Theme 7.1: CRM implementation approaches-related o   Theme 7.2: Other CRM implementation issues
Topic 5: Employer branding	·      Theme 1: on ingredient notions of employer branding (1.1; 1.3) ·      Theme 2: on basic scope of employer branding (1.1; 1.3) ·      Theme 3: on employer branding method and strategy (2.1) ·      Theme 4: on employer branding participants (2.1) ·      Theme 5: on employer branding impacts (2.7)
Topic 6: Ethnographic research	·      Theme 1: Definitions and basic features (1.1; 1.2) ·      Theme 2: Underlying theoretical thinking and theories (1.4) ·      Theme 3: Research practices and techniques (1.4) o   Theme 3.1: Conventional ones o   Theme 3.2: Recently developed ones ·      Theme 4: Application challenges and issues (2.5) o   Theme 4.1: Conventional ones o   Theme 4.2: Recently developed ones
Topic 7: E-procurement	·      Theme 1: Definitions of e-procurement (1.1) ·      Theme 2: Before-internet procurement technologies (2.2) ·      Theme 3: E-procurement tools (2.6) ·      Theme 4: Underlying business trends and management thinking on procurement (2.3) ·      Theme 5: E-procurement project justifications and impacts (2.4; 2.7) o   Theme 5.1: Project justifications o   Theme 5.2: Impacts ·      Theme 6: E-procurement implementation considerations and process (2.1; 2.5) o   Theme 6.1: Implementation considerations o   Theme 6.2: Process of implementation ·      Theme 7: E-procurement practices and models (2.1)
Topic 8: E-supply chain management	·      Theme 1: Definitions of e-SCM (1.1) ·      Theme 2: Underlying Supply Chain Management thinking and business trends (1.4) o   Theme 2.1: Supply Chain Management specific o   Theme 2.2:  E-Supply Chain Management specific ·      Theme 3: Main e-SCM applications and related impacts (2.1; 2.7) o   Theme 3.1: e-SCM application specific o   Theme 3.2: Overall Impacts focused ·      Theme 4: e-SCM implementation issues (2.5) o   Theme 4.1: Technical issues o   Theme 4.2: Non-technical issues
Topic 9: Globalization	·      Theme 1: Definitions and underlying perspectives of globalizations (1.1; 1.4) o   Theme 1.1 – related to definitions o   Theme 1.2 – related to underlying perspectives ·      Theme 2: External contexts and impacts of globalizations (2.3; 2.7) o   Theme 2.1: related to external contexts o   Theme 2.2: related to impacts ·      Theme 3: Specialized topics in globalization (2.1; 2.2) ·      Theme 4: Business management considerations (2.1)
Topic 10: Housing market	·      Theme 1: housing demand (1.3) ·      Theme 2: housing supply (1.3) ·      Theme 3: housing prices and returns on investment (1.3) ·      Theme 4: housing market size and dynamics (1.3) ·      Theme 5: major stakeholders and their activities (1.3) ·      Theme 6: market segmentation (1.3) ·      Theme 7: impacts and contributions to the society (2.7)
Topic 11: Internationalization	·      Theme 1: definitions and ingredient ideas (1.1; 1.3) ·      Theme 2: major approaches and theories (1.4) ·      Theme 3: major research debates and gaps (1.6) ·      Theme 4: specific research topics and research trends (1.6)
Topic 12: Relevance debate of Management Accounting	·      Theme 1: Traditional management accounting thinking (1.4) ·      Theme 2: Traditional management accounting practices and their criticisms (1.6) ·      Theme 3: Business trends that further aggravate  relevance loss of traditional MA theories and practices (2.3) ·      Theme 4: MA relevance debate and responses (1.6; 2.5) o   Theme 4.1: Related to general theories and viewpoints o   Theme 4.2: Related to responses associated with specific MA practices
Topic 13: Social exclusion	·      Theme 1: Basic views of the social exclusion notion (1.1; 1.3; 1.4) o   Theme 1.1: On idea richness and scope breadth o   Theme 1.2: On process orientation o   Theme 1.3: On status orientation ·      Theme 2: Associated theories and concepts [in bold] (1.5) ·      Theme 3: Employment of the notion for analysis and evaluation (2.1) o   Theme 3.1: On specific groups of people o   Theme 3.2: On broad topics o   Theme 3.3: On focused issues
Topic 14: Strategic management accounting	·      Theme 1: Definitions and characteristics of SMA (1.1; 1.2) ·      Theme 2: Underlying management thinking of SMA and theoretical SMA issues (1.4) ·      Theme 3: SMA techniques and approaches(2.1) ·      Theme 4: Research methods and themes of SMA (1.4;1.6) ·      Theme 5: Criticisms on traditional MA [management accounting] and SMA o   Theme 5.1: Related to traditional MA o   Theme 5.2: Related to SMA ·      Theme 6: SMA diffusion and adoption issues (2.2; 2.5) ·      Theme 7: Impacts on management accountants’ roles and the accounting function (2.7)

Table 3 is essentially Table 1 with all the themes and sub-themes coded with the coding scheme as specified in Table 2. It offers illustrative examples of themes and sub-themes with the corresponding codes specified in Table 2. It demonstrates that nature of the coding scheme (re: Table 2) and the companion mind map (re: Figure 2) as the generic pattern of the knowledge structures as revealed by the MMBLR approach.  Table 2 thus offers a reference template for reviewers using the MMBLR approach to conduct thematic analysis while Figure 2 offers a  mind mapping-view on Table 2. Because of that, Table 2 and the companion mind map of Figure 2 are the chief study outputs of this paper.

4.     Concluding remarks

The generic pattern of knowledge structure on academic topics in preliminary literature review is useful for serving as a reference coding scheme for thematic analysis in the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach. This is now made explicit in the form of Table 2 and Figure 2. With it, the MMBLR approach now possesses another useful conceptual tool, i.e., generic pattern of knowledge structure, for employment in step 1 of the approach.  Finally, it needs to be stressed that effective literature review can never be achieved solely via the employment of an appropriate and well-formulated literature review approach. What is more important is that the reviewer is able to adopt effective intellectual learning process and attitude.  On this topic of intellectual learning, readers are referred to the Managerial intellectual learning Facebook page for more information.

Bibliography

1.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016a. Mind mapping for literature review – a ebook, October 7 (url address: http://josephkkho.blogspot.hk/2016/10/mind-mapping-for-literature-review-ebook.html).

2.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016b. “Value and interest assessment grids (VAIAGs) for dissertation project evaluation” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog November 12 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/11/value-and-interest-assessment-grids.html).

3.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016c. “Revealing the knowledge structure of internationalization via the mind mapping-based literature review approach” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog November 27 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/11/revealing-knowledge-structure-of.html).

4.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016d. “A mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach to study the Big Data topic” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog October 9 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/10/a-mind-mapping-based-literature-review.html).

5.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016e. “A mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) on business intelligence (BI) and business intelligence system (BIS)” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog August 22 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/08/a-mind-mapping-based-literature-review.html).

6.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016f. “Mind mapping the knowledge structure of the corporate turnaround topic” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog October 16 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/10/mind-mapping-knowledge-structure-of.html).

7.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016g. “A mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach to study customer relationship management (CRM): an application” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog September 3 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/09/a-mind-mapping-based-literature-review.html).

8.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016h. “A diagramming-based approach to conduct preliminary literature review on employer branding” Joseph KK Ho e-resources June 20 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/06/a-diagramming-based-approach-conduct.html).

9.      Ho, J.K.K. 2016i. “Mind mapping the knowledge structure of the ethnographic research literature” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog October 30 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/10/mind-mapping-knowledge-structure-of_30.html).

10. Ho, J.K.K. 2016j. “A mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) on e-procurement with exploration on the academic interest and value involved” Joseph KK Ho e-resource blog August 28 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/08/a-mind-mapping-basedliterature-review.html).

11. Ho, J.K.K. 2016k. “A mind mapping-based literature review on e-Supply Chain Management (e-SCM)” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog September 16 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/09/a-mind-mapping-based-literature-review_16.html).

12. Ho, J.K.K. 2016l. “Mind mapping the knowledge structure of globalization” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog November 5 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/11/mind-mapping-knowledge-structure-of.html).

13. Ho, J.K.K. 2016m. “A literature review on housing market using diagramming techniques” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog May 10 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/05/a-literature-review-onhousing-market.html)

14. Ho, J.K.K. 2016n. “A mind mapping-based literature (MMBLR) on the “relevance debate of Management Accounting (MA)”” Joseph KK Ho e-resources September 24 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/09/a-mind-mapping-based-literature-review_24.html).

15. Ho, J.K.K. 2016o. “A diagramming-based literature on social exclusion” Joseph KK Ho e-resources July 15 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/07/a-diagramming-based-literature-review_15.html).

16. Ho, J.K.K. 2016p. “A mind mapping-based literature review on strategic management accounting” Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog September 8 (url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2016/09/a-mind-mapping-based-literature-review_8.html).

17. Managerial intellectual learning Facebook page, maintained by Joseph K.K. Ho (url address: https://www.facebook.com/managerial.intellectual.learning/).