A mind mapping-based literature review on urban
renewal
Joseph Kim-keung Ho
Independent Trainer
Hong Kong, China
Abstract: The topic of urban renewal is a main one
in housing studies. This article makes use of the mind mapping-based literature
review (MMBLR) approach to render an image on the knowledge structure of urban
renewal. The finding of the review exercise is that its knowledge structure
comprises six main themes, i.e., (a) Meanings of urban
renewal, (b) Main approaches on urban renewal, (c) Specific urban renewal practices, (d) Main conceptual
themes related to urban renewal, (e)
Trends and drivers of urban renewal and, finally, (f) Controversies and issues
of urban renewal. There is also a set of key concepts identified from the urban
renewal literature review. The
article offers some academic and pedagogical values on the topics of urban
renewal, literature review and the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR)
approach.
Key
words: Urban renewal, literature
review, mind map, the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach
Introduction
Urban
renewal is a main topic in housing
studies. It is of academic and pedagogical interest to the writer who has been
a lecturer on housing studies for some tertiary education centres in Hong Kong.
In this article, the writer presents his literature review findings on housing
studies using the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach. This
approach was proposed by this writer this year and has been employed to review
the literature on a number of topics, such as supply chain management,
strategic management accounting and customer relationship management (Ho,
2016). The MMBLR approach itself is not particularly novel since mind mapping
has been employed in literature review since its inception. The overall aims of
this exercise are to:
1. Render an image of the knowledge structure of
urban renewal via the application of the MMBLR approach;
2. Illustrate how the MMBLR approach can be
applied in literature review on an academic topic, such as urban renewal.
The findings from this
literature review exercise offer academic and pedagogical values to those who
are interested in the topics of urban renewal, literature review and the MMBLR
approach. Other than that, this exercise facilitates this writer’s intellectual
learning on these three topics. The next section makes a brief introduction on
the MMBLR approach. After that, an account of how it is applied to study urban
renewal is presented.
On mind mapping-based literature review
The mind mapping-based
literature review (MMBLR) approach was developed by this writer this year (Ho,
2016). It makes use of mind mapping as a complementary literature review
exercise (see the Literature on mind
mapping Facebook page and the Literature
on literature review Facebook page). The approach is made up of two steps.
Step 1 is a thematic analysis on the literature of the topic chosen for study.
Step 2 makes use of the findings from step 1 to produce a complementary mind
map. The MMBLR approach is a relatively straightforward and brief exercise. The
approach is not particularly original since the idea of using mind maps in
literature review has been well recognized in the mind mapping literature. The
MMBLR approach is also an interpretive exercise in the sense that different
reviewers with different research interest and intellectual background
inevitably will select different ideas, facts and findings in their thematic
analysis (i.e., step 1 of the MMBLR approach). Also, to conduct the approach,
the reviewer needs to perform a literature search beforehand. Apparently, what
a reviewer gathers from a literature search depends on what library facility,
including e-library, is available to the reviewer. The next section presents
the findings from the MMBLR approach step 1; afterward, a companion mind map is
provided based on the MMBLR approach step 1 findings.
Mind mapping-based literature review on urban renewal:
step 1 findings
Step 1 of the MMBLR approach is
a thematic analysis on the literature of the topic under investigation (Ho,
2016). In our case, this is the urban renewal topic. The writer gathers some academic
articles from some universities’ e-libraries, books on urban renewal as well as
via the Google Scholar. With the academic articles collected, the writer
conducted a literature review on them to assemble a set of ideas, viewpoints,
concepts and findings (called points here). The points from the urban renewal literature
are then grouped into six themes here. The key words in the quotations are
bolded in order to highlight the key concepts involved.
Theme 1: Meanings of urban renewal
Point 1.1.
“By urban renewal, we
refer to a multiscalar process of
regulatory change, undertaken to facilitate rapid land and property
redevelopment in central city areas” (Weinstein
and Ren, 2009);
Point 1.2.
“In a narrow
sense urban renewal
addresses the processes which influence the condition of the city’s physical
plant. The plant ages, becomes obsolescent, and is consumed in the production
of shelter and other services. It is also constantly being renewed through the market processes in the form of capital replacement investment” (Wingo Jr, 1966);
Point 1.3.
“The term urban renewal was introduced in France
in the Loi solidarite’ et
renouvellement urbains (Loi SRU) of
December 13th, 2000. Until then, terms like renovation, reconstruction,
recycling or refurbishment were used to indicate similar phenomena..... It
appears that ever since its introduction in 2000, the notion of urban renewal
has been subject to variations in its meaning and in its implementation” (Bonneville,
2005);
Point 1.4.
“For much of the 20th century, the
people who cared most about the health and form of cities in the USA –
including city planners, government officials, and downtown businessmen –
considered dilapidated and deteriorating neighborhoods as among the most vexing
of problems. The solution they chose was ‘‘urban renewal,’’ a term which today
is commonly understood to mean the government
program for acquiring, demolishing, and replacing buildings deemed slums.
In fact, the original meaning of the term ‘‘urban renewal’’ was quite
different” (Von Hoffman, 2008);
Point 1.5.
“In the case of urban renewal in
Turkey, marketization has both a spatial and a temporal aspect. Urban renewal
aims to incorporate spontaneously developed and partially regulated spaces into
the formal circuits of capital
accumulation by replacing unauthorized substandard housing with fully legal
and certified housing units” (Karaman, 2013);
Point 1.6.
“There is an immense literature
on informal housing, slum clearance and organized struggles around the right to
housing. A common thread running through all these debates is the ways in which
urban renewal has been used as a tool of
dispossession, expropriating residents and uprooting them from their social
networks” (Karaman, 2013);
Point 1.7.
“Urban
renewal decision-making, then, focuses on the older parts of the region, while
treating them in the context of overall regional development. The phenomena
with which it must deal are essentially aspects of the intrametropolitan
processes at work shaping the spatial organization of the metropolitan region”
(Wingo Jr, 1966);
Point 1.8.
“Urban renewal is a complex process that has been
commonly adopted to cope with changing urban environment, to rectify the
problem of urban decay and to meet
various socioeconomic objectives” (Lee and
Chan, 2008);
Point 1.9.
“Urban
renewal is not just renewing buildings; more is renewing city economy,
transportation, education and other aspects” (Ou and Wu, 2014);
Point 1.10.
“The fundamental goal of urban renewal is to carry
out reconstruction, refurbishment, and maintenance in the context of urban planning to promote the
sustainable use of the overall environment and to improve environmental quality
and quality of life. Urban renewal itself consists of the replanning and
re-designing of older urban areas for more efficient use while simultaneously
bringing about a rise in housing prices in the affected areas” (Lee,
Liang and Chen, 2016);
Point 1.11.
“Urban renewal refers to the specific
stage of city development, the process and model of development and utilization
of city land” (Ou and Wu, 2014);
Theme 2: Main approaches of urban renewal
Point 2.1.
“….. In policy circles there have
been three broad approaches to tackling the ‘slum problem’. The oldest approach, slum clearance … entails the complete eradication of an existing
slum, often supplemented by a program of resettlement into public housing….. … Tenure legalization emerged as a second
approach in …This involves the provision of legal title to urban informal and
illegal settlements... Since the late 1980s, ‘property-led redevelopment’ has emerged as the dominant paradigm …
This approach relies on real estate development as the driving force for urban
regeneration” (Karaman, 2013);
Point 2.2.
“…a
review of the laws SRU and Borloo on the one hand, and the observation of the
practice of urban renewal on the other, indicate two different approaches to
urban renewal that exist alongside each other…. The first approach is to be
found in operations of urban renewal realised in line with a logic of
reinserting the areas into the land and real estate market… The second approach is to be found in
operations officially labelled urban renewal. These concern almost exclusively
areas of degraded social housing in large high-rise housing estates. This
approach shows more continuity with earlier interventions, which privileged a
social approach to urban renewal …. In
some cases, the two types of urban renewal are mixed” (Bonneville,
2005);
Point 2.3.
“In
Dutch urban renewal, we observe an implementation
gap between dreaming and doing. Dutch national government recently proposed
to focus urban renewal on more than 50 priority areas in the cities and to
reduce urban renewal subsidies. It is not very likely that this policy will
accelerate urban renewal. This contribution suggests a different approach: the
formulation of an urban district vision shared by the sustainable stakeholders
in those districts” (Priemus, 2004);
Theme 3: Specific urban renewal practices
Point 3.1.
“…Public–private partnership in urban renewal in France concerns mainly
housing, transport infrastructure and large public facilities. The distinction
between public, private and civil actors does not concern social and economic
development. This situation tends to limit the integration of different issues
and approaches in renewal projects. Also, French urban renewal projects do not
produce a new type of partnership between public and private actors and the
regulatory framework” (Dormois, Pinson and Reignier, 2005);
Point 3.2.
“Entrepreneurial
policies have been widely accepted as a panacea for post-industrial urban
decline in North American and Western European cities. However, scholars
reporting on the disempowering consequences of zero-sum competition and
trickledown economic policies have shown that entrepreneurial policies have had
limited success in generating economic growth and employment, and have in many
instances exacerbated social divisions and inequalities …. In addition, the
‘spill-over effects’ of flagship projects have been rarely observed” (Karaman,
2013);
Point 3.3.
“The [Hong Kong] Government’s intention in changing the
institutional arrangements in relation to the control of property rights was to provide an additional incentive for the
private developers by reducing uncertainty in the land assembly process” (Hastings
and Adams, 2005);
Point 3.4.
“To
a certain extent, the Chinese construction industry can be characterized by the
substantial demolition and rebuilding
works in urban areas” (Shen, Yuan and Kong, 2013);
Point 3.5.
“To define the physical form of an urban area fulfilling the sustainable development objectives,
Planning Department [in Hong Kong] has issued urban design guidelines, which
underpin the future urban development directions of Hong Kong. They emphasize
the importance of urban design and address issues like development height
profile, waterfront development, cityscape, pedestrian environment and
pollution mitigation” (Chan and Lee, 2008);
Point 3.6.
“[In Hong Kong] The adoption of a tenants-in-common property rights system has had far reaching
implications for the process of assembling land held in multiple ownership. In
order for redevelopment to take place, it is necessary to acquire all the
interests in a property, but for the private sector this is entirely dependent
on negotiating agreement and any individual owner can prevent the process by
refusing to vote their block of shares. In these circumstances, private
developers often face extended negotiations and unrealistic highly expectations
as to values, resulting in delays in the land assembly process” (Hastings
and Adams, 2005);
Point 3.7.
“….urban renewal policy in France is not limited to the operations
labelled as such by central administrations handing out subsidies and dealing
with peripheral social housing estates. Local authorities also launched their
own urban renewal programmes mobilising a large diversity of public and
semi-public funds. These programmes do not only target large peripheral social
housing estates but also central or semi-central boroughs still characterised
by a degradation of housing estates and by their proximity to the main loci of
estate market valorisation, i.e. the city centres” (Dormois, Pinson and Reignier, 2005);
Point 3.8.
“…an information system for urban renewal decision-making can
build on the state of knowledge of intraregional processes and the special
informational requirements of urban renewal decisions” (Wingo Jr, 1966);
Point 3.9.
“…in 1999, as
part of the wider changes to the institutional environment, [the Hong Kong
Government] introduced the Land (compulsory sale for redevelopment) Ordinance
Cap545 which, it was believed, would facilitate land assembly by the private
sector and thereby encourage greater interest in the area of urban renewal” (Hastings
and Adams, 2005);
Point 3.10.
“…the application of the concept of sustainable urban design is not limited
to urban development projects. This idea has also been introduced to local
urban renewal practices recently [in Hong Kong]” (Chan
and Lee, 2008);
Point 3.11.
“…the evolution of
public policy [on urban renewal] has shifted the policy focus from the slum
area to the neighborhood, to the central city, and ultimately to the region;
from limited concerns with the lowest housing strata to the total housing stock
and even to the state of the physical plant of the region; from a policeman-and
policed relationship between local governments and parts of the private housing
sector to an intricate net of public-private relations into which are drawn
neighborhood organizations, financial institutions, welfare agencies, local
interest groups, and the complex an ay of housing, planning, land use, and
transportation agencies from every level of government” (Wingo Jr, 1966);
Point 3.12.
“Although the Urban Renewal Authority chooses to negotiate with
affected parties, the power to implement resumption procedures without the
requirement of meeting a 90 per cent ownership
threshold ensures that land assembly is less of an issue” (Hastings
and Adams, 2005);
Point 3.13.
“In Hong Kong, the major public agency involved in the urban
process is the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)… But in addition to the
public agencies, the Government has always encouraged private sector involvement in the renewal process” (Hastings
and Adams, 2005);
Point 3.14.
“Land and housing reforms
are the key institutional mechanisms that have facilitated urban renewal in
China and have been the focus on numerous studies” (Weinstein and Ren, 2009);
Point 3.15.
“Squatting as a
housing strategy and as a tool of urban social movements accompanies the
development of capitalist cities worldwide.…. the dynamics of squatter
movements are directly connected to strategies of urban renewal in that
movement conjunctures occur when urban regimes are in crisis” (Holm
and Kuhn, 2011);
Point 3.16.
“The design and execution of urban
projects under an entrepreneurial regime
of governance are oriented towards development of particular places through
often spectacular projects — the primary aim of which is the upgrading of the
image of a locality—as opposed to comprehensive planning aimed at improving
living or working conditions within a larger juridical context” (Karaman,
2013);
Point 3.17.
“The new institutional arrangement
[the Land (compulsory sale for redevelopment) Ordinance, one of a series of
urban renewal policy initiatives introduced by the Hong Kong Government] was mooted as a means to facilitate greater
private sector participation in the
renewal process by overcoming existing constraints on land assembly, which
arise as the result of a system of common property ownership” (Hastings
and Adams, 2005);
Point 3.18.
“Urban renewal in South Africa involves contending with a
combination of high crime rates,
increasing inequality and growing public frustration” (Samara, 2005);
Theme 4: Main conceptual themes related to urban
renewal
Point 4.1.
“A project [e.g. a urban renewal project] is said to
be socially sustainable when it
creates harmonious living environment, reduces social inequality and cleavages,
and improves quality of life in general” (Chan and Lee, 2008);
Point 4.2.
“As it [urban entrepreneurialism]
fundamentally hinges on public–private
partnerships, privatization of
publicly owned assets and deregulated
spatial development, it is very much insulated from public accountability
and is therefore effectively anti-democratic” (Karaman,
2013);
Point 4.3.
“..it is generally agreed that economy, environment and social equity
are three foremost components of sustainability
concept” (Chan and Lee, 2008);
Point 4.4.
“….The field of urban planning
strongly values the ideals of public
participation and public debate. However, during much of the twentieth
century, urban planning seldom acknowledged the needs or desires of the public
to shape their own communities’ futures. During the 1950s and 1960s, many
federal planning programs, including urban renewal and highway construction,
destroyed vibrant urban neighborhoods despite strong neighborhood opposition” (Tighe
and Opelt, 2016);
Point 4.5.
“As large cities
concentrate both the most advanced service sectors and a large marginalized population, cities have
become a setting for new citizenship
practices to emerge. Here she makes a distinction between power and
presence, arguing that powerless political groups can still produce presence
and gain visibility by claiming rights to the city” (Weinstein and Ren, 2009);
Point 4.6.
“Foreign scholars study about urban renewal
generally focuses on the following aspects: (1) Exploration and practice of
urban renewal…(2) The study of city renewal evolution law…. (3) City sociology
study on environmental behavior of human space…. (4) Study on mixed mode
of urban renewal…” (Ou and Wu, 2014);
Point 4.7.
“Frequently recast in the
frame of global and globalizing cities, more recent inquiries into residential
displacements and housing rights have tended to employ a political economy perspective, examining the decisions of
governments, local elites, and those acting on behalf of global capital to
promote higher value land uses, thus facilitating the residential and
employment displacement of the city’s lower income residents” (Weinstein and Ren, 2009);
Point 4.8.
“It is clearly not coincidental that characteristics of the
metropolitan social structure are closely related to the condition and rate of
replacement of the region’s housing stock-poor people, for example, consume
only the dwelling services of a deteriorating, obsolete segment of the stock.
The relationship between marginal firms and old, poorly maintained commercial
structures is similarly clear. Because there tend to be concentrations of such
deteriorated structures in the city, the “problem” of blight exists” (Wingo Jr, 1966);
Point 4.9.
“Recent theoretical
inquiries into urban citizenship
have made important contributions to understanding the social consequences of
urban renewal” (Weinstein and Ren, 2009);
Point 4.10.
“Recently, sustainable urban
design has gained popularity to deal with the problems and to increase
positive outcomes of urban renewal projects … This approach intends to take
into account of the sustainability concept when designing the projects in order
to create sustainable communities for the citizens” (Chan
and Lee, 2008);
Point 4.11.
“The concept of sustainable
development was defined by World Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED) as ‘‘a development that meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs’’ in 1987” (Chan and Lee, 2008);
Point 4.12.
“The concept of sustainable
urban design ….. refers to a process in which sustainability concept is
taken into account when deciding which urban design features should be
incorporated into urban (re)development plans” (Chan and Lee,
2008);
Point 4.13.
“The main goals of community participation [in urban renewal projects] are to ‘empower the residents, to build beneficiary
capacity, to increase project effectiveness, to improve project efficiency and
to share project costs’…” (Kotze
and Mathola, 2012);
Point 4.14.
“A broader construction of the urban
renewal problem would embrace the critical
ecological dimensions which accompany the differential rates of replacement
of the plant in various parts of the city” (Wingo
Jr, 1966);
Point 4.15.
“Cities, like businesses, are seen as being in competition with
each other for securing or defending their share of the global market …. urban
entrepreneurialism has been widely promoted to urban policymakers as the only
viable solution. Urban
entrepreneurialism denotes an array of governance mechanisms and policies
aimed at nurturing local and regional economic growth by creating a business
environment favorable to capital investment and accumulation ...” (Karaman,
2013);
Theme 5: Trends and drivers of urban renewal
Point 5.1.
“….Since the late nineteenth century, urban renewal programmes have focused
on improving housing for the poor, marginalised urban population …. These
programmes invariably embody slum clearance, the replacement of dilapidated
housing structures with new subsidised housing units, and also make provision
for infrastructural development, schools and other amenities… From an
international perspective, this transformation process varies from city to
city, but the overall trend allegedly reduces the gap between the rich and the
poor within cities …” (Kotze and Mathola, 2012);
Point 5.2.
“Although not without its successes, the notion of
urban renewal became deeply unpopular by the late 1960s not just among those
who were displaced but also with those concerned about the profound social
consequences of that displacement for the city and wider society” (Gold, 2012);
Point 5.3.
“European cities are currently
facing problems of social and economic decline and physical decay, but they
also put attractiveness and development issues on their agenda. In this
context, the objective of urban renewal projects is to attract new firms or
high-income households …. Urban renewal projects are seen as part of a broader growth-oriented strategy shaped by
local elites to re-image their cities in
an increasingly competitive urban system” (Dormois, Pinson
and Reignier, 2005);
Point 5.4.
“In
recent years, there is significant growth in the interest of merging sustainability concept into urban (re)development policies through urban design skill” (Chan and Lee, 2008);
Point 5.5.
“In South Africa, the spatial legacy of Apartheid
has resulted in township areas that can be recognised as intense concentrations
of poverty. Variations in the types of housing, often dominated by informal
structures and overcrowded conditions, are characteristic of these areas. As
such, they are generally perceived as areas of limited economic potential. In
response to these conditions and in an attempt to alleviate the associated
problems, the African National Congress government has initiated an Urban Renewal
Programme in eight nodes in six urban areas in the country” (Kotze
and Mathola, 2012);
Point 5.6.
“The growth of urbanization
in China has resulted in a large amount of housing demand throughout the
country, inducing a huge number of construction projects in urban areas. These
housing demands can be commonly met through urban sprawl development and urban
renewal” (Shen, Yuan and Kong, 2013);
Point 5.7.
“The
problem of urban decay in Hong Kong is getting worse recently; therefore, the
importance of urban renewal in improving the physical environment conditions
and the living standards of the citizens is widely recognized in the territory.
However, it is not an easy task for the Hong Kong Government to prepare welcome
urban renewal proposals because the citizens, professionals and other concerned
parties have their own expectations
which are difficult to be addressed all at the same time” (Lee
and Chan, 2008);
Point 5.8.
“the two terms used most commonly in discourse
about urban change in the two decades after the Second World War were undoubtedly
reconstruction’ and ‘renewal’..” (Gold,
2012);
Theme 6: Controversies and issues of urban
renewal
Point 6.1.
“Urban renewal may be the most
universally vilified program in planning history, remembered primarily for
its destruction of established, central, urban neighborhoods along with the
construction of isolated, peripheral, housing projects” (Tighe
and Opelt, 2016);
Point 6.2.
“…a useful restatement of the policy problem of
urban renewal would shift the emphasis away from efforts to arrest blight
directly and toward the determination of how much and what kinds of community
actions should be taken to achieve specified levels of conservation of the
physical plant of the community” (Wingo
Jr, 1966);
Point 6.3.
“…the
use of social differences to
distribute rights to different categories of citizens produces a differentiated
or disjunctive citizenship” (Weinstein
and Ren, 2009);
Point 6.4.
“A number of authors …. have examined the urban renewal process in
Hong Kong. In each case the authors identified the problem of land assembly as an underlying constraint of the success
to redevelopment projects” (Hastings and Adams, 2005);
Point 6.5.
“Despite the fact that the importance of buildings’ lifespan has been well
addressed in previous studies, buildings’ short lifespan as a result of urban
renewal in China has been hitherto given little attention” (Shen,
Yuan and Kong, 2013);
Point 6.6.
“Determining
a sustainable [urban] renewal proposal
is a difficult and complicated process because a lot of tradeoff decisions have
to be made” (Lee and Chan, 2008);
Point 6.7.
“In both Shanghai and
Mumbai, large swaths of urban land have been privatized or leased to private
developers for redevelopment. Amidst increased pressures to attract capital
investment, and to position their cities as global ones, governments, operating
at multiple geopolitical scales, have taken often brutal measures to remove residents and clear land. In the process,
the rights to housing and livelihoods for millions of city residents are being
dismantled” (Weinstein and Ren, 2009);
Point 6.8.
“In Hong Kong, numbers of urban renewal projects have been
conducted but many of them fail to achieve their goals and generate
environmental and social problems in the community … Some people argue that
this phenomenon is probably due to poor quality of the urban renewal proposals” (Lee and
Chan, 2008);
Point 6.9.
“In urban renewal, as elsewhere, there is a gap between the idea and the reality,
between the conception and the creation. Throughout the country there are
communities with renewal programs that show no material indications of their
existence, except perhaps a hole in the ground. In other communities “something
has happened”; their “success” is indicated by the clearance of blighted areas
and new construction. But the renewed areas seem to bear little resemblance to
the initial visions as they appeared in the blueprints of the planners or the
pictures in the glossy brochures” (Bellush
and Hausknecht, 1966);
Point 6.10.
“One of the difficulties in probing the rationale of urban
renewal policy is the lack of consensus
about both what the program is and what it ought to be. It certainly began as a
housing program: its antecedents were instituted in large degree to improve the
welfare of the low income consumers of housing services. Other interests have
injected new viewpoints and objectives which have diluted considerably the
housing goals” (Wingo Jr, 1966);
Point 6.11.
“Over time different developers will have gained experience and
developed their own areas of expertise. Since operating in a familiar
environment increases the frequency of operation and reduces transaction costs,
the introduction of a new institutional mechanism may be of little interest to
developers who do not chose to assemble
land in this way” (Hastings and Adams, 2005);
Point 6.12.
“Regardless of the evolution of participatory
planning theory, memories of past planning mistakes and oversights continue
to impede planners. Consequently, planners must try to move forward and beyond
their predecessors’ mistakes while simultaneously taking responsibility for
them so as not to seem indifferent to or apathetic to the harm done” (Tighe
and Opelt, 2016);
Point 6.13.
“The current urban renewal
programs in some developing countries, such as China, are at the expense of
demolishing a huge number of existing buildings without distinction. As a
consequence, the buildings’ short lifespan due to premature demolition and
resultant adverse impacts on environment and society have been criticized for
not being in line with sustainable
development principles” (Shen, Yuan and Kong, 2013);
Point 6.14.
“Urban renewal is commonly adopted to cope with changing urban
environment, to rectify the problem of urban decay and to meet various socio-economic objectives … However,
the urban renewal projects are often beset with social problems such as
destruction of existing social networks, expulsion of vulnerable groups and
adverse impacts on living environments” (Chan and Lee, 2008);
Point 6.15.
”Most previous studies have discussed urban renewal issues in
terms of legal systems, operational methods, and case studies. The impact of
urban renewal on neighbourhood housing
prices, however, has rarely been discussed” (Lee,
Liang and Chen, 2016);
Point 6.16.
“…in French renewal projects, the private actors
involved in the partnership with local authorities remain the ‘‘usual
suspects’’: the property developers and the main landowners, the local
private–public society and the regional banks (Heinz, 1994). Yet, these ‘‘powerful’’
private actors often see their intervention limited to the provision of
resources in order ‘‘to fill’’ a project pre-elaborated by public planners and
bureaucrats. As a consequence, the traditional domination of public regulations (regulatory imposition,
legal sanction of public choices) is not challenged” (Dormois, Pinson and Reignier, 2005);
Each of them has a set of
associated points (i.e., idea, viewpoints, concepts and findings). Together
they provide an organized way to comprehend the knowledge structure of the urban
renewal topic. The bolded key words in the quotation reveal, based on the
writer’s intellectual judgement, the key concepts examined in the urban renewal
literature. The referencing indicated on the points identified informs the
readers where to find the academic articles to learn more about the details on
these points. Readers are also referred to the urban development and redevelopment Facebook page for more
information on the urban renewal topic. The process of conducting the thematic
analysis is an exploratory as well as synthetic learning endeavour on the
topic’s literature. Once the structure of the themes, sub-themes[1]
and their associated points are finalized, the reviewer is in a position to
move forward to step 2 of the MMBLR approach. The MMBLR approach step 2
finding, i.e., a companion mind map on urban renewal, is presented in the next
section.
Mind mapping-based literature review on urban renewal:
step 2 (mind mapping) output
By adopting the findings from
the MMBLR approach step 1 on urban renewal, the writer constructs a companion
mind map shown as Figure 1.
Referring to the mind map on urban
renewal, the topic label is shown right at the centre of the map as a large
blob. Six main branches are attached to it, corresponding to the six themes
identified in the thematic analysis. The links and ending nodes with key
phrases represent the points from the thematic analysis. The key phrases have
also been bolded in the quotations provided in the thematic analysis. As a
whole, the mind map renders an image of the knowledge structure on urban
renewal based on the thematic analysis findings. Constructing the mind map is
part of the learning process on literature review. The mind mapping process is
speedy and entertaining. The resultant mind map also serves as a useful
presentation and teaching material. This mind mapping experience confirms the
writer’s previous experience using on the MMBLR approach (Ho, 2016). Readers
are also referred to the Literature on
literature review Facebook page and the Literature
on mind mapping Facebook page for additional information on these two
topics.
Concluding remarks
The MMBLR approach to study urban
renewal provided here is mainly for its practice illustration as its procedures
have been refined via a number of its employment on an array of topics (Ho,
2016). No major additional MMBLR steps nor notions have been introduced in this
article. In this respect, the exercise reported here primarily offers some
pedagogical value as well as some systematic and stimulated learning on urban
renewal. Nevertheless, the thematic findings and the image of the knowledge
structure on urban renewal in the form of a mind map should also be of academic
value to those who research on this topic.
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