Mind mapping the topic of domestic violence (DV)
Joseph Kim-keung Ho
Independent
Trainer
Hong
Kong, China
Abstract: The topic of domestic
violence (DV) is a main one in social sciences. This article makes use of the
mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach to render an image on the
knowledge structure of domestic violence. The finding of the review exercise is
that its knowledge structure comprises four main themes, i.e., (a) Definitions
of basic concepts, (b) Major underlying theories and thinking, (c) Main
research topics and issues, and (d) Major trends and issues related to
practices. There is also a set of key concepts identified from
the DV literature review. The article offers some academic and
pedagogical values on the topics of DV, literature review and the mind
mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach.
Key words: Domestic violence (DV),
literature review, mind map, the mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR)
approach, social sciences
Introduction
Domestic violence
(DV) is a main topic in social sciences. It is of academic and pedagogical
interest to the writer who has been a lecturer on housing studies, a subject in
social sciences, for some tertiary education centres in Hong Kong. In this
article, the writer presents his literature review findings on DV using the
mind mapping-based literature review (MMBLR) approach. This approach was
proposed by this writer this year and has been employed to review the
literature on a number of topics, such as supply chain management, strategic
management accounting and customer relationship management (Ho, 2016). The
MMBLR approach itself is not particularly novel since mind mapping has been
employed in literature review since its inception. The overall aims of this
exercise are to:
1.
Render an image of the knowledge structure of
domestic violence (DV) via the
application of the MMBLR approach;
2.
Illustrate how the MMBLR approach can be
applied in literature review on an academic topic, such as DV.
The findings from this literature review
exercise offer academic and pedagogical values to those who are interested in
the topics of DV, literature review and the MMBLR approach. Other than that,
this exercise facilitates this writer’s intellectual learning on these three
topics. The next section makes a brief introduction on the MMBLR approach.
After that, an account of how it is applied to study DV is presented.
On mind mapping-based
literature review
The mind mapping-based literature review
(MMBLR) approach was developed by this writer in 2016 (Ho, 2016). It makes use
of mind mapping as a complementary literature review exercise (see the Literature on mind mapping Facebook page
and the Literature on literature review
Facebook page). The approach is made up of two steps. Step 1 is a thematic
analysis on the literature of the topic chosen for study. Step 2 makes use of
the findings from step 1 to produce a complementary mind map. The MMBLR
approach is a relatively straightforward and brief exercise. The approach is
not particularly original since the idea of using mind maps in literature
review has been well recognized in the mind mapping literature. The MMBLR
approach is also an interpretive exercise in the sense that different reviewers
with different research interest and intellectual background inevitably will
select different ideas, facts and findings in their thematic analysis (i.e.,
step 1 of the MMBLR approach). Also, to conduct the approach, the reviewer
needs to perform a literature search beforehand. Apparently, what a reviewer
gathers from a literature search depends on what library facility, including
e-library, is available to the reviewer. The next section presents the findings
from the MMBLR approach step 1; afterward, a companion mind map is provided
based on the MMBLR approach step 1 findings.
Mind
mapping-based literature review on domestic violence (DV): step 1 findings
Step 1 of the MMBLR approach is a thematic analysis on the
literature of the topic under investigation (Ho, 2016). In our case, this is
the DV topic. The writer gathers some academic articles from some universities’
e-libraries as well as via the Google Scholar. With the academic articles
collected, the writer conducted a literature review on them to assemble a set
of ideas, viewpoints, concepts and findings (called points here). The points
from the DV literature are then grouped into four themes here. The key words in
the quotations are bolded in order to highlight the key concepts involved.
Theme 1: Definitions of basic concepts
Point 1.1.
“Domestic violence has been described by
the Nevada Attorney General’s Office “as a violent
crime committed in the context of an intimate relationship. It is
characterized by acts of violence, power and coercion intended to control another person’s behavior” … While Domestic
Violence (DV), often referred to as Intimate
Partner Violence (IPV), has both male and female offenders, women are much
more likely to be victims of IPV than men” (Powell, 2011);
Point 1.2.
“The
World Health Organization defines domestic violence as “the range of sexually, psychologically and physically
coercive acts used against adult and adolescent women by current or former
male intimate partners.”..” (Koening et al., 2006);
Theme 2: Major underlying theories and thinking
Point 2.1.
“Ganley and Schechter … highlight
several additional ways that children
experience about domestic violence. These include hitting or threatening a
child while in his or her mother’s arms, taking the child hostage to force the
mother’s return to the home, using a child as a physical weapon against the
victim, forcing the child to watch assaults against the mother or to
participate in the abuse, and using the child as a spy or interrogating him or
her about the mother’s activities” (Edleson, 1999);
Point 2.2.
“…with
rapid social changes that erode
traditional Chinese family values, elder
abuse in the family may become a fact of life for Chinese, as have wife and
child abuse” (Yan
and Tang, 2003);
Point 2.3.
“Although
culture may be used to justify
violence against women, there is a danger of presenting the role of culture in
domestic violence as a purely negative force. All too often, the fact that
cultural practices and beliefs can serve as protective factors for battered
women … is ignored or denied” (Sokoloff and Dupont, 2005);
Point 2.4.
“Chinese
culture
emphasizes morality at the individual level and harmony at the relationship
level. Perseverance as a conflict resolution strategy and tolerance of pain are
highly regarded by Chinese people. This means that showing discontent or anger
in public is frowned on because of concern about losing face … The suppression
of feelings is a common reaction to conflict, but when people are challenged in
a private setting, they are more likely to lose their temper. Violence is
generally not recognized in Chinese culture except within the family” (Chan and Brownridge, 2008);
Point 2.5.
“In
Chinese culture, a woman must observe the four
virtues: morality, proper speech, modest manners, and diligent work. The
social and cultural legitimacy of a woman’s subordination is regarded as an
important actor that contributes to violence against women” (Chan and Brownridge, 2008);
Point 2.6.
“Studies
from the United States have revealed significant associations between
contextual variables reflecting neighbourhood
poverty and risk of domestic violence” (Koening et
al., 2006);
Point 2.7.
“With regard to the abusers’ characteristics, Chinese
abusive partners tend to be unemployed or of a low socioeconomic status…; to
abuse alcohol and drugs …; to have a gambling problem …; to be young ….; to
have a sense of insecurity, an aggressive personality, poor anger management,
and a lack of empathy …; to have a psychological disorder …; and to suffer from
sexual jealousy” (Chan
and Brownridge, 2008);
Point 2.8.
“….the
need to question the primacy of gender
becomes apparent when one realizes that the violence and control by an
individual batterer is not the only form of violence experienced by marginalized battered women. Instead,
the lack of adequate institutional support in the form of social services and
public housing as well as the intrusions and coercive controls by the state and
its agencies (e.g., welfare) is another level of violence experienced by
battered women, which occur in ways that are racialized as well as gendered and
classed” (Sokoloff
and Dupont, 2005);
Point 2.9.
“…adult
offspring who
are abusive toward their aging parents may be victims of child abuse who have
learned violence as a means to resolve conflicts” (Yan and Tang, 2003);
Point 2.10.
“…the ecological theory links interpersonal violence to broader social
structures. It is suggested that people’s environment can be understood as a
series of settings, each nesting within the next broader level … For a full
understanding of interpersonal violence, analysis should proceed at four
levels, ranging from the individual characteristics of the victim and abuser to
the culture of the society” (Yan
and Tang, 2003);
Point 2.11.
“…while much of the
research surrounding childhood exposure to domestic violence has focused on male-perpetrated violence …,
researchers studying family violence must recognize that children may also be
exposed to violence in which their mother is the perpetrator or to
bidirectional acts of violence between caregivers” (Evans, Davies and DiLillo,
2008);
Point 2.12.
“…women
married to more educated husbands (7
or more years of schooling) experienced significantly higher risks of coercive
sexual intercourse. This may reflect the widely held view across much of Indian
society that it remains the husband’s prerogative to physically compel his wife
to engage in sexual relations when desired, behavior not attenuated and perhaps
even more pronounced with increased levels of schooling on the part of the husband” (Koening et al., 2006);
Point 2.13.
“According to the intergenerational transmission of violence
theory, domestic violence can be learned and passed from one generation to
the next” (Yan and
Tang, 2003);
Point 2.14.
“An emerging body of scholarly work
is giving voice to
battered women from a wide range of formerly excluded and ignored communities.
This literature embodies a variety of theoretical perspectives that emphasize
the individual lived experiences of
diverse battered women … as well as the social structural underpinnings of
domestic violence in culturally diverse communities” (Sokoloff and Dupont,
2005);
Point 2.15.
“Domestic
violence and other social work contexts typically view client interactions and
support from one of two philosophies or approaches.…. The first approach is case management where survivors meet
regularly with a case manager to achieve specific goals and can sometimes be
denied services if they do not achieve those goals …. A second approach to
domestic violence interactions positions empowerment
as the process and end goal, and details how an empowerment philosophy
permeates both client interactions and organizational processes ….
empowerment-based services acknowledge the individual as the expert and sole
decision maker of her life” (D’Enbeau and Kunkel, 2013);
Point 2.16.
“Higher
socioeconomic status levels
and higher levels of education among women have generally been found to be
protective factors against women’s risk of domestic violence. Several studies
have shown that demographic factors such as age, number of living male
children, and extended family residence are inversely associated with risk of
domestic violence. In addition, studies from India have shown lower dowry
levels to be associated with significantly higher subsequent risks of violence”
(Koening et al., 2006);
Point 2.17.
“Most
studies on the effects of domestic violence involve children who have
experienced a variety of stressful life events in addition to domestic violence
….. Several psychologists have suggested that factors associated with abuse,
such as single parenthood, divorce, poverty, substance abuse, shelter
placement, and institutionalization, rather than abuse itself, may be at least
partially responsible for the adverse "effects" of maltreatment” (Sternberg
et al., 1993);
Point 2.18.
“Several studies suggest that exposure to domestic violence
may affect boys and girls
differently. In general, research suggests that boys demonstrate more
externalizing behaviors while girls tend to display more internalizing
behaviours” (Evans,
Davies and DiLillo, 2008);
Point 2.19.
“The ecological model, which tries to explain the multifaceted nature of
violence was first introduced in the late 1970s … Later on, several authors
have used an ecological model to conceptualize gender-based violence … The
model explores the relationship between individual and contextual factors, and
highlights the multiple causes of violence and the interaction of risk factors
operating within the family and broader community” (Kocacık, Kutlar and Erselcan,
2007);
Point 2.20.
“This intersectionality of race, class, and
gender has real-life consequences for many battered women who are seeking
safety: “Individuals may have internalized ideologies antithetical to
disclosure of violence” For example, a Vietnamese woman who has been taught
that saving face and family unity pre-empt individual safety will be reluctant
to seek outside help for domestic violence” (Sokoloff and Dupont, 2005);
Point 2.21.
“Because
a child's level of coping skills and perception of domestic violence may vary
according to age, effects of exposure to domestic violence may manifest
differently in children of different developmental
stages” (Evans, Davies and DiLillo, 2008);
Theme 3: Main research topics and issues
Point 3.1.
“Several studies have tried
to identify markers of domestic violence for use as indicators during primary care consultations. However,
although features such as depression, anxiety, and somatisation are associated
with domestic violence, they lack predictive value” (Bradley et al., 2002);
Point 3.2.
“Some
domestic violence scholars question how research findings may affect women who
are already severely disadvantaged. They emphasize the need for researchers to
think about how their work could be misused to create policies to further
alienate and disempower some battered women” (Sokoloff and Dupont, 2005);
Point 3.3.
“We used different items to assess violence, including the act
itself, whether it is physical (battering, wounding, keeping, etc.)
psychological (threat or curse) or sexual (sexual abuse); as well as how it is
performed (the means of violence – use of physical power, a weapon or insult
and curse).… it would be useful to document the duration and frequency of
violent acts” (Kocacık, Kutlar and Erselcan, 2007);
Point 3.4.
“…two broad themes of the 1990s
provide the most promising directions for the future. The first theme is about the importance of making distinctions. Partner violence
cannot be understood without acknowledging important distinctions among types
of violence, motives of perpetrators, the social locations of both partners,
and the cultural contexts in which violence occurs…. Control, the second promising theme, is visible in the feminist
literature, which has argued that partner violence is primarily a problem of
men using violence to maintain control over “their women,” a control …. that is
supported by a patriarchal culture” (Johnson and Ferraro, 2000);
Point 3.5.
“[On
study of effects of domestic violence on children] When mothers are the victims
of spouse abuse, the perpetrators of physical abuse, or the partners of child abusers, their ability to
accurately describe their children's behavior problems may be compromised” (Sternberg
et al., 1993);
Point 3.6.
“…scholars,
survivors, advocates, and activists, particularly women of color and lesbians,
are challenging the traditional feminist
view that gender inequality is the primary factor determining domestic
violence” (Sokoloff
and Dupont, 2005);
Point 3.7.
“A further complication in the comparison
of prevalence estimates [on violence] is the use of inconsistent
definitions of abuse. For example, some studies present figures only for
violent acts occurring in the last 12 months, whereas others measure lifetime
experience of violence” (Ellsberg et al.,
2001);
Point 3.8.
“A general understanding of the underlying precipitating
factors for domestic violence in developing countries remains limited” (Koening et al., 2006);
Point 3.9.
“Abused Chinese immigrant women in Hong Kong have been found to
have high levels of depressive symptoms … The effects of IPV [intimate partner violence] do not fade even after these
women have obtained Hong Kong residency or have stayed in Hong Kong for at
least seven years. This motivates the need of investigating the relation
between immigration status and IPV” (Wong et al., 2013);
Point 3.10.
“Although
there is some evidence that children who are victims and/or witnesses of domestic violence have
more social and emotional problems than their nonabused counterparts, findings
have varied across studies” (Sternberg et al., 1993);
Point 3.11.
“An abused woman may not reveal her
victimization to an interviewer for
a variety of reasons. She may feel that the subject is too personal to discuss,
she may be embarrassed or ashamed, she may fear reprisal by her abuser should
he find out about the interview, she may misunderstand the question, or she may
think the abuse was too minor to mention” (Ellsberg et al., 2001);
Point 3.12.
“Current research suggests that
batterers may demonstrate more psychopathology, particularly features of
personality disorder and negative psychological traits … Past research has focused mainly on two
dimensions: personality traits and disorders as well as alcohol and drug use” (Chan and Brownridge, 2008);
Point 3.13.
“Empowerment approaches to domestic violence prevention are
gaining in popularity because of their commitment to individualized care and
recognition that the survivor is the expert of her own life. However,
organizations charged with empowering survivors of domestic violence confront
paradoxes when putting empowerment theory into practice” (D’Enbeau and Kunkel, 2013);
Point 3.14.
“In DV situations, conflict can
play out in separation and access
proceedings, which can even be a site of further coercive abuse …. Furthermore, the manipulation and control
which encompass DV make it very difficult to prove within the courtroom
setting, with judges often having to determine the credibility of parents as
they present conflicting accounts of abusive events which occurred within the
privacy of their own home” (Naughton
et al., 2015);
Point 3.15.
“Much
of what is known about domestic violence, its prevalence, and risk factors
stems from research carried out in Western countries, in particular the United
States … Although there have been some
efforts to identify domestic violence prevalence rates in the Caribbean ….,
reliable statistical data on domestic violence in this region are largely
unavailable” (Van Wijjk, d.
Leeuw and d. Bruijin, 2015);
Point 3.16.
“The traditional feminist approach to
domestic violence has generally been to emphasize the common experiences of battered women in the interests of forging a
strong feminist movement to end woman abuse. However, this approach has
increasingly been questioned by scholars and activists who recognize the need
to give voice to women marginalized by the largely White, middleclass feminist
movement” (Sokoloff
and Dupont, 2005);
Point 3.17.
“There are certain constraints which
limit our knowledge of violence. First of all, data on women who have not
attended shelters or other services as victims of violence is relatively
scarce….. The
lack of cross-cultural research is
another weakness” (Kocacık,
Kutlar and Erselcan, 2007);
Point 3.18.
“There is a belief among some parents that their children are shielded from
exposure to the violence… many of the parents …. believed their children did
not “witness” an event, because they were sleeping or playing outside”
(Edleson, 1999);
Theme 4: Major trends and issues related to
practices
Point 4.1.
“Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV) may
include physical violence, sexual violence, threats of violence and/or
emotional violence …. About 30 percent of women are affected worldwide by IPV
and over one-third (35.6 percent) of women in the USA experience IPV in their
lifetime” (Laharnar et al., 2015);
Point 4.2.
“Services
in Hong Kong to protect children have grown rapidly in the past 20 years …. In
comparison, services for battered wives have received much less attention from
the public and have attracted very few public resources” (Chan and Lam, 2005);
Point 4.3.
“Victims
of domestic violence are often required to repeat their story and experience of
abuse to different professionals. There has been a great desire to reduce this
system-induced trauma throughout the helping process … The reorganized FCPSUs
[Family and Child Protection Services Units]
are therefore responsible for planning and providing coordinated services to victims of
domestic violence in Hong Kong under the concept of one-stop service” (Chan
and Lam, 2005);
Point 4.4.
“Work-related
consequences of IPV
include the abuser using work-interference tactics (harassing co-workers,
affecting employee’s ability to get to work, stay at
work), survivor absenteeism due to illness, injury or mental health and reduced
job performance and productivity due to employee’s
difficulty concentrating and absence” (Laharnar et al., 2015);
Point 4.5.
“Abused immigrant women’s use of formal help-seeking
opportunities, such as police, shelter, and medical services has been found to
be lower than that for abused nonimmigrant women” (Wong et
al., 2013);
Point 4.6.
“Although many women [in Turkey]
conform to the expectations of their family and
community and are not subjected to physical violence, they remain constantly
under threat. The example of other women who have been ostracized, beaten or
killed serves as sufficient warning to restrict their behavior and limit their life choices” (Kocacık, Kutlar and Erselcan,
2007);
Point 4.7.
“Despite the well-known effects of IPV on the employee and workplace,
there is currently no required US federal employment protection law for IPV to
support or protect the employee and co-workers” (Laharnar et al., 2015);
Point 4.8.
“Studies
consistently find that the majority of homeless
women were once victims of domestic violence …. and that more than half of
all women receiving public assistance were once victims of domestic violence” (Sokoloff and Dupont,
2005);
Point 4.9.
“Victims of IPV [Intimate Partner Violence]
may suffer emotionally and physically long after their offenders are gone.
According to the NNADV [Nevada Network Against Domestic Violence], “women who
have experienced domestic violence are 80 percent more likely to have a stroke,
70 percent more likely to have heart disease, 60 percent more likely to have
asthma and 70 percent more likely to drink heavily than women who have not
experienced intimate partner violence.” Impacts of IPV male victimization is
less understood due to the social stigmas associated with masculinity” (Powell,
2011);
Point 4.10.
“Violence against women is increasingly recognized as a significant public health and human rights concern…
One of the most common forms of violence against women is the physical and
sexual abuse of women by a current or former intimate partner. Abuse of this
sort has been associated with a broad range of serious physical and mental
health problems” (Ellsberg et al.,
2001);
Point 4.11.
“Over the last decade, violence
against women in developing countries has
emerged as a growing concern among researchers and policymakers interested in
women’s health and empowerment. In developing countries, women are vulnerable
to many forms of violence, and domestic violence represents the most common
form” (Koening et al., 2006);
Each of them has a set of associated points
(i.e., idea, viewpoints, concepts and findings). Together they provide an
organized way to comprehend the knowledge structure of the domestic violence (DV)
topic. The bolded key words in the quotation reveal, based on the writer’s
intellectual judgement, the key concepts examined in the DV literature. The
referencing indicated on the points identified informs the readers where to
find the academic articles to learn more about the details on these points;
readers are also referred to the Literature
on domestic violence Facebook page. The process of conducting the thematic
analysis is an exploratory as well as synthetic learning endeavour on the
topic’s literature. Once the structure of the themes, sub-themes[1]
and their associated points are finalized, the reviewer is in a position to
move forward to step 2 of the MMBLR approach. The MMBLR approach step 2
finding, i.e., a companion mind map on DV, is presented in the next section.
Mind
mapping-based literature review on DV: step 2 (mind mapping) output
By adopting the findings from the MMBLR
approach step 1 on domestic violence (DV), the writer constructs a companion
mind map shown as Figure 1.
Referring to the mind map on DV, the topic
label is shown right at the centre of the map as a large blob. Four main
branches are attached to it, corresponding to the four themes identified in the
thematic analysis. The links and ending nodes with key phrases represent the
points from the thematic analysis. The key phrases have also been bolded in the
quotations provided in the thematic analysis. As a whole, the mind map renders
an image of the knowledge structure on DV based on the thematic analysis
findings. Constructing the mind map is part of the learning process on
literature review. The mind mapping process is speedy and entertaining. The
resultant mind map also serves as a useful presentation and teaching material.
This mind mapping experience confirms the writer’s previous experience using on
the MMBLR approach (Ho, 2016). Readers are also referred to the Literature on literature review Facebook
page and the Literature on mind
mapping Facebook page for additional information on these two topics.
Concluding
remarks
The MMBLR approach to study DV provided here
is mainly for its practice illustration as its procedures have been refined via
a number of its employment on an array of topics (Ho, 2016). No major
additional MMBLR steps nor notions have been introduced in this article. In
this respect, the exercise reported here primarily offers some pedagogical
value as well as some systematic and stimulated learning on domestic violence (DV)
in social sciences, e.g., housing studies. Nevertheless, the thematic findings
and the image of the knowledge structure on DV in the form of a mind map should
also be of academic value to those who research on this topic.
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