Using the Excel pivot table (EPT) function as a
research decision support system (DSS) to study homelessness survey data
Joseph, K.K. Ho
Dated: April 14, 2018
Abstract: The Excel pivot table function (EPT) used for multidimensional data
analysis (MDA) is argued to be considered as a research decision support system
(DSS) for its value as a research tool to be better realized. This paper
provides some theoretical clarification on this view. In addition, it provides an illustration on how this is done
with a EPT application on a data file on
questionnaire survey conducted by the writer with regard to the topic of
perceptions on homelessness in Hong Kong in 2015.
Key words: Excel pivot table
(EPT), Multidimensional Data Analysis (MDA), Research Decision Support Systems
(DSS), Homelessness survey data
Introduction
The Excel pivot table (EPT) function is a handy data analysis and
presentation tool, e.g. for studying data in applied business research projects
of MBA student. It is also widely known and available to personal computer
users. Beyond that, Ho (2018) proposed to treat the EPT application for
multidimensional data analysis (EPT for MDA) as a research decision support
system (DSS). In this way, the writer encourages researchers to heed DSS, especially
Executive Information Systems (EIS), practice guidelines to enhance research
methods, especially quantitative research methods, employment in research
projects. This article offers a more detailed elaboration on the notion of EPT
for MDA as a research DSS. It then makes use of this research DSS to study the
questionnaire survey data on homelessness perceptions in Hong Kong.
The Excel pivot table (EPT) function as a research
decision support system
The Excel pivot table (EPT) function utilizes a structured data file and
treats each field of the file as a dimension. As such, the structured data file
becomes a data cube with a number of dimensions. Consequently, the EPT function
performs as a Multidimensional Data Analysis (MDA)-supported Decision Support
System (DSS). When this DSS is employed by researcher to study research data,
e.g., questionnaire survey data exported from an online survey tool platform
into an Excel file, the DSS is essentially a research DSS. To better comprehend
the nature and value of this research DSS, the writer makes use of academic
ideas from the DSS field to provide some conceptual clarification on it. In
this regard, Ho and Sculli (1994) identified the following DSS features, among
others:
(a) Supportive on performing poorly structured decision-making tasks;
(b) Data and models organized around the decisions likely to be needed;
(c) System response is interactive and immediate;
In Ho (2018), this writer referred to Inmon et al. (2001) which recognizes a number of information user
profiles of DSS users, e.g., a tourist, a farmer, an explorer and a miner, some
concerned with exploring data while others more interested in exploiting them.
As to the more specialized DSS for executive, known as the Executive
Information Systems (EIS), Ho (2018) concurred with Lungu and Bâra (2007) who (i)
argued the need of executives to have an EIS that can offer customized views
that "extracts information from disparate sources and summarizes it into
meaningful indicators" and (ii) emphasized the vitality of a
multidimensional model underlying an EIS that is able to overhear business
requests.
Using the DSS/EIS lens to comprehend the EPT function for MDA as a
research DSS, we could consider the EPT as capable of offering in an
interactive way different pivot tables as views[1]
on the underlying data file (treated as a data cube) so as to support the
researcher to perform the various poorly structured investigative tasks to
explore as well as exploit the various EPTs. The EPT application objective is
adopt different information user behaviors to discover and understand more
deeply patterns, clusters and associations from the data file (i.e., the data
cube) which, in turn, can support inductive and deductive reasoning in research
data analysis, notably in quantitative research methods. The next section
provides an account of a EPT application to study homeless survey data as an
illustration of the ideas explained here.
A EPT application to study homelessness survey data
A EPT application is now employed to study a set of questionnaire survey
data on homelessness perceptions in Hong Kong. The questionnaire survey was
conducted by the writer in 2015 on his Facebook friends and reported in Ho
(2015). The survey questions and some basic statistics are provided in appendix 1. The first task to utilize
the EPT function is to (i) cleanse the data, including conversion of certain
responses into score values, and (ii) classify the questions into dimension fields
and calculated value fields. This is done and presented in Table 1, as follows:
|
Survey questions (Ho, 2015)
|
Field label: Dimensions (row or column) or calculated value fields
|
|
Question 1: What is your
gender?
· Male
· Female
|
Gender: Dimension
|
|
Question 2: What is your
marital status?
· Single
· Married
|
Marital status: Dimension
|
|
Question 3: What is your age?
· 18 to 27
· 28 to 37
· 38 to 47
· 48 to 57
· 58 to 67
· 68 or above
|
Age range:
Dimension
|
|
Question 4: What is your
education background?
· Not yet a degree-holder
· Finished University Undergraduate Degree study
· Finished Master Degree study
· Finished Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent)
|
Education background: Dimension
|
|
Question 5: How would you
perceive your social class?
· Lower class
· Middle class
· Upper class
· No idea
|
Self-perceived social class: Dimension
|
|
Question 6: Do you own your
apartment or not?
· Yes, I own my apartment
· No, I rent my apartment
· I do not own my apartment and do not need to pay
rent
|
Home ownership status: Dimension
|
|
Question 7: Do you feel that
safe, affordable, and stable housing is a basic human right?
· Do not feel this way
· Slightly feel this way
· Strongly feel this way
· No idea
|
Housing as perceived human right: Calculated value
Coding:
· Do not feel this way: 1
· Slightly feel this way: 2
· Strongly feel this way: 3
· No idea: skipped
|
|
Question 8: Do you feel that
the homelessness problem in Hong Kong is caused by the severe housing
affordability problem in Hong Kong?
· No idea
· Do not feel this way
· Slightly feel this way
· Strongly feel this way
|
Housing affordability-caused homelessness
perception: Calculated value
Coding:
· Do not feel this way: 1
· Slightly feel this way: 2
· Strongly feel this way: 3
· No idea: skipped
|
|
Question 9: Do you feel that
the present homelessness problem in Hong Kong can be effectively addressed
via an appropriate housing policy?
· No idea
· Do not feel this way
· Slightly feel this way
· Strongly feel this way
|
Perceived effectiveness of housing policy: Calculated value
Coding:
· Do not feel this way: 1
· Slightly feel this way: 2
· Strongly feel this way: 3
· No idea: skipped
|
|
Question 10: Do you feel that
the homelessness people have been badly treated by the Police, the Food and
Environmental Hygiene, and Home Affairs Departments?
· No idea
· Do not feel this way
· Slightly feel this way
· Strongly feel this way
|
Perceived about mistreatment on homeless people: Calculated value
Coding:
· Do not feel this way: 1
· Slightly feel this way: 2
· Strongly feel this way: 3
· No idea: skipped
|
|
Question 11: Do you feel that
the close relatives of homeless people have a duty to take care of these
people as they are their close relatives?
· No idea
· Do not feel this way
· Slightly feel this way
· Strongly feel this way
|
Perceived close relatives' duty: Calculated value
Coding:
· Do not feel this way: 1
· Slightly feel this way: 2
· Strongly feel this way: 3
· No idea: skipped
|
|
Question 12: Do you feel that
most of the personal homelessness problems in Hong Kong are fundamentally
caused by the homeless people themselves?
· No idea
· Do not feel this way
· Slightly feel this way
· Strongly feel this way
|
Perceived personal responsibility of homeless
people: Calculated value
Coding:
· Do not feel this way: 1
· Slightly feel this way: 2
· Strongly feel this way: 3
· No idea: skipped
|
|
Question 13: Do you feel that
the overall homelessness problem in Hong Kong will get worse in the near
future?
·
No idea
·
Do not
feel this way
·
Slightly
feel this way
·
Strongly
feel this way
|
Perceived future deterioration of the homeless
problem: Calculated value
Coding:
· Do not feel this way: 1
· Slightly feel this way: 2
· Strongly feel this way: 3
· No idea: skipped
|
Exhibit 1 shows
the steps involved in creating pivot tables with the cleansed data file.
Exhibit 1: The pivot table function and the cleansed data file
After choosing the option of insert
and then pivot table, one needs
to highlight the range that covers the data file. After that one will see the
pivot table construction screen likes that of Exhibit 1. One could now use
the mouse to drag the dimension and calculated value fields into the boxes as
shown on the right hand side of the screen above. In addition, one needs to
change the calculated value field value to average, see Exhibit 2.
Exhibit 2: selecting dimensions and defining the value
field figure as an average one
Six exercises are now presented as follows:
Exercise 1: an analysis on "Housing as perceived human right"
(re: question 7).
Exercise 1a: column field is education background and row field is
self-perceived social class.
|
Average
of Housing as perceived human right
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Finished
Master Degree study
|
Finished
Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent)
|
Finished
university Undergraduate Degree study
|
Not
yet a degree-holder
|
Grand
Total
|
|
Lower
class
|
2.0
|
|
2.5
|
2.2
|
2.4
|
|
Middle
class
|
2.7
|
3.0
|
2.7
|
2.0
|
2.6
|
|
No
idea
|
|
|
1.6
|
2.0
|
1.7
|
|
Upper
class
|
|
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.6
|
3.0
|
2.5
|
2.1
|
2.4
|
Interpretation: Those with higher education background have a stronger
feeling that "housing is a human right"; and in middle and lower
classes also have a stronger feeling on that.
Exercise 1b: Column field is home ownership status and row field is age
group
|
Average
of Housing as perceived human right
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
I
do not own my apartment and do not need to pay rent
|
No,
I rent my apartment
|
Yes,
I own my apartment
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.8
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
2.9
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.4
|
2.1
|
2.5
|
2.4
|
|
38
to 47
|
2.3
|
2.8
|
2.3
|
2.4
|
|
48
to 57
|
3.0
|
2.8
|
2.3
|
2.5
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.5
|
2.5
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
Interpretation: Those without home ownership have a stronger feeling
that housing is a human right; and that those in the age group of 18-27 also
have a stronger feeling on this too.
Exercise 1c: Column field is gender and row field is age group
|
Average
of Housing as perceived human right
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Female
|
Male
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
3.0
|
2.8
|
2.9
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
|
38
to 47
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
|
48
to 57
|
3.0
|
2.3
|
2.5
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
Interpretation: Female in the age groups of 18-27 and 48-57 have a
stronger feeling than others that housing is a human right.
Exercise 2: an analysis on "Housing affordability-caused
homelessness perception" (re: question 8).
Exercise 2a: column field is education background and row field is
self-perceived social class.
|
Average
of Housing affordability-caused homelessness perception
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Finished
Master Degree study
|
Finished
Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent)
|
Finished
university Undergraduate Degree study
|
Not
yet a degree-holder
|
Grand
Total
|
|
Lower
class
|
3.0
|
|
2.7
|
2.7
|
2.7
|
|
Middle
class
|
2.4
|
3.0
|
2.8
|
2.0
|
2.6
|
|
No
idea
|
|
|
1.7
|
2.0
|
1.7
|
|
Upper
class
|
|
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.5
|
3.0
|
2.6
|
2.5
|
2.6
|
Interpretation: Those with both higher education background and social
class have a stronger feeling than others that housing affordability fosters
homelessness.
Exercise 2b: Column field is home ownership status and row field is age
group
|
Average
of Housing affordability-caused homelessness perception
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
I
do not own my apartment and do not need to pay rent
|
No,
I rent my apartment
|
Yes,
I own my apartment
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.6
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.4
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.9
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.7
|
|
38
to 47
|
2.3
|
2.8
|
2.5
|
2.5
|
|
48
to 57
|
3.0
|
2.8
|
2.6
|
2.7
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.7
|
2.6
|
2.5
|
2.6
|
Interpretation: Those who do not have home ownership and those in the
age groups of 28-37 and 48-57 have a stronger feeling that housing
affordability problem fosters homelessness.
Exercise 2c: Column field is gender and row field is age group
|
Average
of Housing affordability-caused homelessness perception
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Female
|
Male
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.0
|
2.6
|
2.4
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.6
|
2.9
|
2.7
|
|
38
to 47
|
2.6
|
2.4
|
2.5
|
|
48
to 57
|
3.0
|
2.6
|
2.7
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
Interpretation: Female respondents in the age group of 48 to 57 and male
respondents in the age group of 28-37 have a stronger feeling than others that
housing affordability problem fosters homelessness.
Exercise 3: an analysis on "Perceived effectiveness of housing
policy" (re: question 9).
Exercise 3a: column field is education background and row field is
self-perceived social class.
|
Average
of Perceived effectiveness of housing policy
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Finished
Master Degree study
|
Finished
Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent)
|
Finished
university Undergraduate Degree study
|
Not
yet a degree-holder
|
Grand
Total
|
|
Lower
class
|
2.0
|
|
2.6
|
2.2
|
2.5
|
|
Middle
class
|
2.5
|
1.0
|
2.2
|
2.5
|
2.3
|
|
No
idea
|
|
|
1.5
|
3.0
|
1.7
|
|
Upper
class
|
|
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.4
|
1.0
|
2.3
|
2.3
|
2.3
|
Interpretation: Respondents with lower education qualification and in
lower social classes have a stronger feeling than others that the housing
policy is useful for addressing the homelessness problem.
Exercise 3b: Column field is home ownership status and row field is age
group
|
Average
of Perceived effectiveness of housing policy
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
I
do not own my apartment and do not need to pay rent
|
No,
I rent my apartment
|
Yes,
I own my apartment
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.6
|
2.5
|
2.0
|
2.5
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.4
|
2.3
|
2.5
|
2.4
|
|
38
to 47
|
1.3
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
2.3
|
|
48
to 57
|
1.0
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
1.9
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.2
|
2.3
|
2.3
|
2.3
|
Interpretation: Respondents in the age group of 18-27 and those with own
apartments have a stronger feeling than others that the housing policy is
useful for addressing the homelessness problem.
Exercise 3c: Column field is gender and row field is age group
|
Average
of Perceived effectiveness of housing policy
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Female
|
Male
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.7
|
2.4
|
2.5
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
|
38
to 47
|
2.5
|
2.1
|
2.3
|
|
48
to 57
|
2.0
|
1.9
|
1.9
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.4
|
2.2
|
2.3
|
Interpretation: Female respondents, especially those in the age group of
18-27 have a stronger feeling than others that the housing policy is useful for
addressing the homelessness problem.
Exercise 4: an analysis on "Perception about mistreatment on
homeless people" (re: question 10).
Exercise 4a: column field is education background and row field is
self-perceived social class.
|
Average
of Perception about mistreatment on homeless people.
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Finished
Master Degree study
|
Finished
Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent)
|
Finished
university Undergraduate Degree study
|
Not
yet a degree-holder
|
Grand
Total
|
|
Lower
class
|
2.5
|
|
2.2
|
1.8
|
2.1
|
|
Middle
class
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
|
No
idea
|
|
|
1.7
|
2.0
|
1.7
|
|
Upper
class
|
|
|
3.0
|
2.0
|
2.3
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.1
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
1.9
|
2.1
|
Interpretation: Those in the lower and middle classes have a stronger
feeling than others that homeless people have been mistreated by the Police and
the Food and Environmental Hygiene and Home Affairs Departments.
Exercise 4b: Column field is home ownership status and row field is age
group
|
Average
of Perception about mistreatment on homeless people.
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
I
do not own my apartment and do not need to pay rent
|
No,
I rent my apartment
|
Yes,
I own my apartment
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.0
|
2.5
|
1.0
|
2.0
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.1
|
2.2
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
|
38
to 47
|
1.3
|
2.0
|
1.8
|
1.8
|
|
48
to 57
|
3.0
|
2.3
|
2.6
|
2.5
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.0
|
2.2
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
Interpretation: Respondents with rented apartments and in the age group
of 48-57 have a stronger feeling that homeless people have been mistreated by
the Police and the Food and Environmental Hygiene and Home Affairs Departments.
Exercise 4c: Column field is gender and row field is age group
|
Average
of Perception about mistreatment on homeless people.
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Female
|
Male
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.3
|
1.8
|
2.0
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.1
|
2.1
|
2.1
|
|
38
to 47
|
1.8
|
1.8
|
1.8
|
|
48
to 57
|
3.0
|
2.3
|
2.5
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.1
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
Interpretation: Female respondents and those in the age group of 48-57
have a stronger feeling than others that homeless people have been mistreated
by the Police and the Food and Environmental Hygiene and Home Affairs
Departments.
Exercise 5: an analysis on "Perceived close relatives' duty"
(re: question 11).
Exercise 5a: column field is education background and row field is
self-perceived social class.
|
Average
of Perceived close relatives' duty
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Finished
Master Degree study
|
Finished
Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent)
|
Finished
university Undergraduate Degree study
|
Not
yet a degree-holder
|
Grand
Total
|
|
Lower
class
|
1.5
|
|
1.8
|
2.2
|
1.9
|
|
Middle
class
|
2.1
|
3.0
|
1.8
|
1.8
|
1.9
|
|
No
idea
|
|
|
1.7
|
3.0
|
1.9
|
|
Upper
class
|
|
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.0
|
3.0
|
1.8
|
2.1
|
1.9
|
Interpretation: Respondents with higher education qualification and in
the upper class have a stronger feeling than others that close relatives of
homeless people have a duty to take care of them.
Exercise 5b: Column field is home ownership status and row field is age
group
|
Average
of Perceived close relatives' duty
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
I
do not own my apartment and do not need to pay rent
|
No,
I rent my apartment
|
Yes,
I own my apartment
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.0
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
2.4
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.0
|
2.3
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
|
38
to 47
|
1.7
|
1.6
|
1.5
|
1.6
|
|
48
to 57
|
3.0
|
1.5
|
2.0
|
1.9
|
|
Grand
Total
|
2.0
|
2.1
|
1.8
|
1.9
|
Interpretation: Those without home ownership and in the age group of
18-27 have a stronger feeling than others that close relatives of homeless
people have a duty to take care of them.
Exercise 5c: Column field is gender and row field is age group
|
Average
of Perceived close relatives' duty
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Female
|
Male
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.3
|
2.5
|
2.4
|
|
28
to 37
|
2.1
|
2.1
|
2.1
|
|
38
to 47
|
1.3
|
1.8
|
1.6
|
|
48
to 57
|
2.0
|
1.9
|
1.9
|
|
Grand
Total
|
1.9
|
1.9
|
1.9
|
Interpretation: Respondents in the age group of 18-27 have a stronger
feeling than others that close relatives of homeless people have a duty to take
care of them.
Exercise 6: an analysis on "Perceived personal responsibility of
homeless people" (re: question 12).
Exercise 6a: column field is education background and row field is
self-perceived social class.
|
Average
of Perceived personal responsibility of homeless people
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Finished
Master Degree study
|
Finished
Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent)
|
Finished
university Undergraduate Degree study
|
Not
yet a degree-holder
|
Grand
Total
|
|
Lower
class
|
1.5
|
|
1.5
|
1.7
|
1.5
|
|
Middle
class
|
1.8
|
1.0
|
1.6
|
2.3
|
1.7
|
|
No
idea
|
|
|
1.7
|
1.0
|
1.6
|
|
Upper
class
|
|
|
1.5
|
2.0
|
1.8
|
|
Grand
Total
|
1.7
|
1.0
|
1.6
|
1.8
|
1.6
|
Interpretation: Those with lower education qualification and in the
upper class have a stronger feeling than others that homeless people cause
their personal homelessness problem.
Exercise 6b: Column field is home ownership status and row field is age
group
|
Average
of Perceived personal responsibility of homeless people
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
I
do not own my apartment and do not need to pay rent
|
No,
I rent my apartment
|
Yes,
I own my apartment
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
1.8
|
2.5
|
1.0
|
1.9
|
|
28
to 37
|
1.4
|
1.9
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
|
38
to 47
|
2.3
|
1.8
|
1.6
|
1.7
|
|
48
to 57
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.3
|
1.2
|
|
Grand
Total
|
1.7
|
1.8
|
1.5
|
1.6
|
Interpretation: Respondents without home ownership and those in younger
age groups have a stronger feeling than others that homeless people cause their
personal homelessness problem.
Exercise 6c: Column field is gender and row field is age group
|
Average
of Perceived personal responsibility of homeless people
|
Column
Labels
|
|
|
|
Row
Labels
|
Female
|
Male
|
Grand
Total
|
|
18
to 27
|
2.7
|
1.4
|
1.9
|
|
28
to 37
|
1.8
|
1.6
|
1.7
|
|
38
to 47
|
1.5
|
1.8
|
1.7
|
|
48
to 57
|
1.0
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
|
Grand
Total
|
1.7
|
1.6
|
1.6
|
Interpretation: Female respondents, especially in the age group of 18-27
have a stronger feeling than others that homeless people cause their personal homelessness
problem.
Overall, the EPT-based MDA is able to perform as a DSS to discover
patterns in the data file on the homelessness survey. These observed patterns
serve to develop theories and research questions that can be further
investigated with other research methods by the researcher.
Concluding remarks
The theoretical elaboration on the EPT application for MDA as a
researcher DSS and the illustration on the questionnaire survey data should
serve to inform researchers on how to treat and work with this research DSS.
References
Ho, J.K.K. and D. Sculli. 1994. "A Multi-perspective, Systems-Based
Framework for Decision Support Systems Design" Systems Practice 7(5) Plenum: 551-563.
Ho, J.K.K. 2015. "A statistical analysis on Facebook-based
questionnaire survey data on homelessness perceptions in Hong Kong" European Academic Research 2(11)
February: 14366-14381.
Ho, J.K.K. 2018. "Multidimensional data analysis with Excel pivot
table used as a research method technique - a research note" Joseph KK Ho e-resources blog April 4
(url address: http://josephho33.blogspot.hk/2018/04/multidimensional-data-analysis-with.html;
https://www.academia.edu/36329322/Multidimensional_data_analysis_with_Excel_pivot_table_used_as_a_research_method_technique-a_research_note)
[visited at April 11, 2018].
Inmon, W.H., C. Imhoff and R. Sousa. 2001. Corporate Information Factory, 2 edition, Wiley.
Lungu, I. and A. Bâra. 2007. "Executive Information Systems'
Multidimensional Models" Revista
Informatica Economică 3(43): 87-90 (url address: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26589187_Executive_Information_Systems'_Multidimensional_Models)
[visited at April 11, 2018].
Appendix
Appendix
1: The Facebook-based survey questions on homelessness
perceptions and responses statistics (Ho, 2015)
|
Survey questions
|
Survey statistics
|
|
Question 1: What is your gender?
|
Male: 68 (54.8%)
Female: 56 (45.2%)
|
|
Question 2: What is your marital status?
|
Single: 57 (46.0%)
Married: 67 (54.0%)
|
|
Question 3: What is your age?
|
18 to 27: 9 (7.3%)
28 to 37: 52 (41.9%)
38 to 47: 47 (37.9%)
48 to 57: 14 (11.3%)
58 to 67: 02(1.6%)
68 or above: 0 (0.0%)
|
|
Question 4: What is your education background?
|
Not yet a degree-holder: 21 (16.9%)
Finished University Undergraduate Degree study:
80 (64.5%)
Finished Master Degree study: 22 (17.7%)
Finished Ph.D. Degree study (or equivalent): 1
(0.8%)
|
|
Question 5: How would you perceive your social
class?
|
Lower class: 41 (33.1%)
Middle class: 64 (51.6%)
Upper class: 5 (4.0%)
No idea: 14 (11.3%)
|
|
Question 6: Do you own your apartment or not?
|
Yes, I own my apartment: 59 (47.6%)
No, I rent my apartment: 36 (29.0%)
I do not own my apartment and do not need to pay
rent: 29 (23.4%)
|
|
Question 7: Do you feel that safe, affordable,
and stable housing is a basic human right?
|
Do not feel this way: 15 (12.1%)
Slightly feel this way: 41 (33.1%)
Strongly feel this way: 63 (50.8%)
No idea: 5 (4.0%)
|
|
Question 8: Do you feel that the homelessness
problem in Hong Kong is caused by the low housing affordability problem in
Hong Kong?
|
No idea: 3 (2.4%)
Do not feel this way: 10 (8.1%)
Slightly feel this way: 46 (37.1%)
Strongly feel this way: 65 (52.4%)
|
|
Question 9: Do you feel that the present
homelessness problem in Hong Kong can be effectively addressed via an
appropriate housing policy?
|
No idea: 7 (5.6%)
Do not feel this way: 29 (23.4%)
Slightly feel this way: 42 (33.9%)
Strongly feel this way: 46 (37.1%)
|
|
Question 10: Do you feel that the homelessness
people have been badly treated by the Police, the Food and Environmental
Hygiene, and Home Affairs Departments?
|
No idea: 15 (12.2%)
Do not feel this way: 31 (25.2%)
Slightly feel this way: 46 (37.4%)
Strongly feel this way: 31 (25.2%)
|
|
Question 11: Do you feel that the close relatives
of homeless people have a duty to take care of these people as they are their
close relatives?
|
No idea: 12 (9.7%)
Do not feel this way: 39 (31.5%)
Slightly feel this way: 53 (42.7%)
Strongly feel this way: 20 (16.1%)
|
|
Question 12: Do you feel that most of the
personal homelessness problems in Hong Kong are fundamentally caused by the
homeless people themselves?
|
No idea: 11 (8.9%)
Do not feel this way: 49 (39.8%)
Slightly feel this way: 53 (43.1%)
Strongly feel this way: 10 (8.1%)
|
|
Question 13: Do you feel that the overall
homelessness problem in Hong Kong will get worse in the near future?
|
No idea: 5 (4.0%)
Do not feel this way: 9 (7.3%)
Slightly feel this way: 61 (49.2%)
Strongly feel this way: 49 (39.5%)
|
pdf version at: http://www.euacademic.org/UploadArticle/3551.pdf
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