A brief note on the research process of quantitative and qualitative research: linear or non-linear (information from perplexity.ai)
My question 1: "As an MBA and Housing Studies lecturer on research methods, I notice that the research process of quantitative research is primarily linear and that of qualitative research is primarily non-linear. Could you confirm me on my understanding of this point and also highlight 5 main ideas for further clarification?"
The reply: "Understanding Linearity and Non-Linearity in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Your observation captures a widely accepted distinction: quantitative research tends to follow a primarily linear process, while qualitative research often involves a non-linear or circular process. However, current methodological insights reveal this distinction is more nuanced than traditionally portrayed.
Summary of Your Understanding
Quantitative research is generally planned and executed in ordered, sequential phases (linear), emphasizing rigor in sampling, instrument design, data collection, and analysis to ensure objectivity and reproducibility.
Qualitative research commonly features iterative cycles where data collection, analysis, and theory development overlap and inform each other, leading to a flexible, circular research flow.
Five Main Ideas for Clarification:
Definition of Linearity and Circularity
Linearity refers to fixed sequential steps without going back (e.g., sampling → data collection → analysis).
Circularity implies iterative repetition and refinement between phases (e.g., adjusting research questions based on preliminary analysis).
Deduction vs. Induction Are Different from Linearity vs. Circularity
Deductive research starts with a theory/hypothesis tested by data, often linear.
Inductive research builds theory from data, often circular but these are separate concepts from procedural order.
Quantitative Research's Compulsion for Linearity
For validity, quantitative studies require fixed sampling frames and instruments before data collection.
Statistical methods rely on this strict order to avoid biases and support generalization.
Qualitative Research’s Iterative Nature
Qualitative studies (like grounded theory) start with open questions and repeatedly cycle through data collection and analysis.
This allows adapting to emerging findings and deepening understanding.
Blurring Boundaries and Real-World Complexity
Not all qualitative research is entirely non-linear; some aspects can be linear.
Some quantitative research designs incorporate feedback loops (e.g., panel studies, instrument testing) but maintain overall linearity.
Thus, the sharp division is increasingly questioned; practical research often blends these process types."
My question 2: "Could you further clarify your ideas above a bit more in the following 4-month dissertation project contexts:
The reply: "Clarifying the Research Process in Your Dissertation Contexts
Let's clarify the linear vs. non-linear research processes you identified, applied to your two dissertation project scenarios.
1. MBA Project: Ethnographic Case Study on AI Implementation at ABC Bank
Research Nature: Qualitative, ethnographic case study focused on cultural/social dynamics around change leadership during AI implementation.
Process Type: Non-linear, iterative, and flexible.
Explanation:
The ethnographic approach requires participant observation, informal/formal interviews, and field notes, all continuously informing data collection and analysis simultaneously.
Researchers may refine research questions or focus areas as new cultural patterns or leadership challenges emerge.
Steps such as mapping social relations, coding interview transcripts, and reflective journaling overlap.
This process is circular and adaptive, responding to insights in real time to deepen understanding.
Practical Implication for a 4-Month Project:
Time is limited compared to classical ethnography, so you might apply a mini-ethnographic or focused ethnographic case study approach, which still demands iterative cycles but within bounded time and scope.
2. Housing Studies Project: Questionnaire Survey on Domestic Violence Views
Research Nature: Quantitative, positivist approach.
Process Type: Primarily linear.
Explanation:
Begins with a clear hypothesis or research question based on literature.
Questionnaire instrument design is finalized before data collection.
Sampling is predefined and fixed.
Data collection proceeds independently of ongoing analysis.
Statistical analysis follows after data collection completion.
Limited scope for revising instruments or sampling mid-way, to maintain reliability and objectivity.
Practical Implication for a 4-Month Project:
Strict time schedule requires detailed upfront planning.
Steps flow sequentially: instrument design → sampling → data collection → data entry → statistical analysis → reporting.
Summary of Key Differences in Your Contexts:
|
Aspect |
MBA Ethnographic Case Study |
Housing Studies Questionnaire Survey |
|
Research Type |
Qualitative |
Quantitative |
|
Methodological Approach |
Iterative, non-linear cycles |
Linear, sequential steps |
|
Data Collection |
Participant observation, interviews |
Structured questionnaires |
|
Flexibility in Design |
High; adjusts to emergent insights |
Low; fixed measures and sample |
|
Duration & Scope |
Typically longer, but here mini-ethnographic |
Fixed, constrained to project timeline |
